Photo Oy
F. Chant, Parkstone.
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
O.M., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.
OF THE
DORSET D&TURAIt
FIELD
EDITED BY
HENRY SYMONDS.
VOLUME XXXV.
Dorchester :
PRINTED AT THE "DORSET COUNTY CHRONICLE" OFFICE.
* •* * ' *+.
<AV 28
84730
DA
. 35-
CONTENTS.
List of Officers of the Club since its Inauguration . . . ,
Rules of the Club
List of Officers and Honorary Members . . . ,
List of Members . . • • • •.
List of New Members since the publication of Vol. XXXIV.
Publications of the Club ; Societies and Institutions in Corres-
pondence with the Field Club
THE PROCEEDINGS or THE CLUB from May, 1913, to May, 1914 —
MEETING AT THE VALLEY OF THE WIN OB ALLEN
Witchampton : Its Barn, Manor House, and Church . .
Crichel House
Knowlton
MEETING AT THE NEW FOREST
MEETING AT MALMESBURY AND LACOCK
The Town
The Second Day, Laoock
MEETING AT STURMINSTER NEWTON . . . r
Ibberton
Belchalwell
Sturminster Newton
FJRST WINTER MEETING
SECOND WINTER MEETING
ANNUAL MEETING
The Hon. Treasurer's Statement of the Club's Receipts and
Expenditure
The Hon. Secretary's Account
PAGE
v.
vi.
xi.
xii.
XXV.
xxviii.
xxix.
xxx.
xxx.
xxx^i.
xxxv.
xxxvi.
xxxvii .
xxxix-
xl.
xl.
xli.
xjii.
xlvi.
xlix.
Ivi.
Anniversary Address of the President . . . . . . Iviii,.
Alfred Russel Wallace, a Memoir by E. R. Sykes . . . . Ixxxiv,
On the Relics left by Philip and Joan of Castile in 1506 atWolfeton
House, Dorset, and preserved in the Writer's Family, by
Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., &c. 1
Chained Books in Dorset and Elsewhere, by the Rev. Canon J. M.
J. Fletcher, M.A. and R.D. . . . . . . 8
Sandsfoot and Portland Castles, by Henry Symonds, F.S.A. . . 27
A Dorset Inventory of 1627, by Nelson M. Richardson, B.A. . . 41
The Night-Soaring of the Swifts, by Aubrey Edwards ... 50
Thomas Gerard of Trent, his Family and his Writings, by Rev. E.
H. Bates Harbin, M.A. . . . . . . 55
Dorset " Buttony," by Captain John E. Acland, F.S.A. . . 71
The Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset, by W. de C. Prideaux,
L.D.S., Eng., F.R.S.M. . . . . . . 75
Folk-lore and Superstitions still obtaining in Dorset, by E. A.
Rawlence .. .. .. 81
IV.
PAGE
Fifth Interim Report on the Exeavations at Maumbury Rings,
Dorchester, by H. St. George Gray . . . . 88
On New and Rare British Arachnids, noted and observed in 1913,
by Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., &c. . . 119
A Tentative Account of the Fungi of East Dorset, by the Rev. E. F.
Linton, M.A., F.L.S. .. .. .. 143
Phonological Report on First Appearances of Birds, Insects, &c.,
and First Flowering of Plants in Dorset during 1913, by
W. Parkinson Curtis, F.E.S. . . .. .. 181
Returns of Rainfall in Dorset in 1913, by R. Stevenson Henshaw, C.E. 206
Index to Vol. XXXV., by H. Pouncy .. .. .. 220
INDEX TO PLATES AND ENGRAVINGS.
PAGE OR TO
FACE PAGE
Alfred Russel Wallace, O.M., L.L.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. Frontispiece
On the Relics left by Philip and Joan of Castile in 1506 at Wolfeton
House, Dorset, and preserved in the Writer's Family —
Plate A . . . . . . . . 1
Plate B . . . . . . . . 4
Plate C . . . . . . . . . . 5
Plate D . . . . . . . . 6
Chained Books in Dorset —
Chain and Book in Wimborne Minster Library . . . . 16
Bishop Jewel's Works : Formerly chained in Wimborne
Minster, 1614 . . . . . . . . 16
Chained Library at Wimborne Minster, 1686 .. .. 21
The Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset —
Strong, Loders . . . . . . . . 76
Blackmore, Lydlinch . . . . . . . . 77
Skakespeare, Stratford-on-Avon . . . . . . 78
Maria Oke, Shapwick . . . . . . . . 78
John Oke, Shapwick . . . . . . . . 79
Richard Chernok, Vicar, Shapwick . . . . . . 79
John Gouys, Long Crichel . . . . . . 79
Fifth Interim Report on the Excavations at Maumbury Rings,
Dorchester —
Plate I. . . . . . . . . . . 90
Plate II. . . . . . . . . 100
Plate III. .. .. .. .. .. 102
Relics found at Maumbury Rings, 1913 .. .. 105
Plate IV. . . . . . . . . 109
Plate V. .. .. .. .. .. 116
On New and Rare British Arachnids —
Plate A 119
V.
ZTbe H>orset
IRatural Ibiston? anfc Hntiquatian ffielfc Club.
INAUGURATED MAECH 26TH, 1875.
Presidents :
1875-1902— J. C. Hansel- Pleydell, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1902-1904— The Lord Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S.
1904 * Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
Vice -Presidents :
1875-1882— The Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S.
1875-1884— Professor James Buckmaii, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1880-1900— The Rev. Canon Sir Talbot. Baker, Bart., M.A.
1880-1900— General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S.
1880 * The Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S. , F.Z.S.
1885 * The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S.
1892-1904— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1904" 19°2 I * The Lord Eustace Cecil» F.R.G.S.
1900-1909— W. H. Hudleston, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., Past Pres.
Geol. Society.
1900-1904— Vaughan Cornish, Esq., D.Sc., F.C.S., F.R.G.S.
1900 * Captain G. R. Elwes.
1902 * H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A.
1904 * The Rev. Herbert Pentiu, M.A.
1904 * The Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A.
1904 * The Rev. Canon J. C. M. Mansel- Pleydell, M.A., R.D.
1904-1908— R. Bosworth Smith, Esq., M.A.
1908-1909— Henry Storks Eaton, Esq., M.A., Past Pres. Roy. Met. Society.
1909 * The Rev. Canon C. H. Mayo, M.A., Dorset Editor of " Somerset
and Dorset Notes and Queries."
1909 * E. R. Sykes, Esq., B.A., F.Z.S., Past Pres. Malacological Society.
1911-1912— The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, R.D.
1912 * Alfred Pope, Esq., F.S.A.
1913 * Henry Symonds, Esq., F.S.A.
1913 * His Honour J. S. Udal, F.S.A.
Hon. Secretaries :
1875-1884— Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1885-1892— The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S.
1892-1902— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1902-1904— H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A.
1904 * The Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A.
Son. Treasurers :
1875-1882— The Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S.
1882-1900— The Rev. O. Pickard -Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
1901-1910— Captain G. R. Elwes.
1910 * The Rev. Canon J. C. M. Mansel -Pleydell, M.A., R.D.
Hon. Editors:
1875-1884— Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1885-1892— The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S.
1892-1901— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1901-1906— The Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A.
1906-1909— The Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A.
1909-1912— The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, R.D.
1912 * Henry Symonds, Esq., F.S.A.
* The asterisk indicates the present officials of the Club.
VI.
RULES
OF
THE DORSET NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUARIAN
FIELD CLUB.
OBJECT AND CONSTITUTION.
1.— The Club shall be called The Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
Field Club, and shall have for a short title The Dorset Field Club.
The object of the Club is to promote and encourage an interest in the study of
the Physical Sciences and Archaeology generally, especially the Natural History of
the County of Dorset and its Antiquities, Prehistoric records, and Ethnology. It
shall use its influence to prevent, as far as possible, the extirpation of rare plants
and animals, and to promote the preservation of the Antiquities of the County.
2.— The Club shall consist of (i.) three Officers, President, Honorary Secretary,
and Honorary Treasurer, who shall be elected annually, and shall form the
Executive body for its management ; (ii.) Vice -Presidents, of whom the
Honorary Secretary and Treasurer shall be two, ex officio ; (iii.) The Honorary
Editor of the Annual Volume of Proceedings ; (iv.) Ordinary Members ; (v.)
Honorary Members. The President, Vice -Presidents, and Editor shall form a
Council to decide questions referred to them by the Executive and to elect
Honorary Members. The Editor shall be nominated by one of the incoming
Executive and elected at the Annual Meeting.
There may also be one or more Honorary Assistant Secretaries, who shall be
nominated by the Honorary Secretary, seconded by the President or Treasurer,
and elected by the Members at the Annual Meeting.
Members may be appointed by the remaining Officers to fill interim vacancies
in the Executive Body until the following Annual Meeting.
The number of the Club shall be limited to 400, power being reserved to the
Council to select from the list of candidates persons, whose membership they may
consider to be advantageous to the interests of the Club, to be additional
Members.
PEESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENTS.
3. — The President shall take the chair at all Meetings, and have an original and
a casting vote on all questions before the Meeting. In addition to the two
ex-officio Vice -Presidents, at least three others shall be nominated by the President,
or. ini his absence, by the Chairman, and elected at the Annual Meeting.
Vll.
HON. SECRETARY.
4. — The Secretary shall perform all the usual secretarial work ; cause a
programme of each Meeting to be sent to every Member seven days at least
before such Meeting ; make all preparations for carrying out Meetings and, with
or without the help of a paid Assistant Secretary or others, conduct all Field
Meetings. On any question arising between the Secretary (or Acting Secretary)
and a Member at a Field Meeting, the decision of the Secretary shall be final.
The Secretary shall receive from each Member his or her share of the day's
expenses, and thereout defray all incidental costs and charges of the Meeting,
rendering an account of the same before the Annual Meeting to the Treasurer ;
any surplus of such collection shall form part of the General Fund, and any
deficit be defrayed out of that Fund.
HON. TREASURER.
5. — The Treasurer shall keep an account of Subscriptions and all other moneys
of the Club received and of all Disbursements, rendering at the Annual General
Meeting a balance sheet of the same, as well as a general statement of the Club's
finances. He shall send copies of the Annual Volume of Proceedings for each
year to Ordinary Members who have paid their subscriptions for that year (as
nearly as may be possible, in the order of such payment), to Honorary Members,
and to such Societies and individuals as the Club may, from time to time, appoint
to receive them. He shall also furnish a list at each Annual Meeting, containing
the names of all Members in arrear, with the amount of their indebtedness to the
Club. He shall also give notice of their election to all New Members.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
6.— Ordinary Members are entitled to be present and take part in the Club's
proceedings at all Meetings, and to receive the published "Proceedings" of the
Club, when issued, for the year for which their subscription has been paid.
7. — Every candidate for admission shall be nominated in writing by one
Member and seconded by another, to both of whom he must be personally known.
He may be proposed at any Meeting, and his name shall appear in the programme
of the first following Meeting at which a Ballot is held, when he shall be elected
by ballot, one black ball in six to exclude. Twelve Members shall form a
quorum for the purpose of election. A Ballot shall be held at the Annual and
Winter Meetings, and may be held at any other Meeting, should the Executive
so decide, notice being given in the programme. In the event of the number of
vacancies being less than the number of candidates at four successive Meetings,
the names of any candidates proposed at the first of such Meetings who have not
been elected at one of them shall be withdrawn, and shall not be eligible to be
again proposed for election for at least a year after such withdrawal. Provided
that if at any Meeting there shall be no vacancies available, it shall not be counted
in estimating the above named four Meetings.
Vlll.
8.- The Annual Subscription shall be 10s., which shall become due and
payable in advance on the 1st of January in each year. Subscriptions paid on
election after September in each year shall be considered as subscriptions for the
following year, unless otherwise agreed upon by such Member and the Treasurer.
Every Member shall pay immediately after his election the sum of ten shillings as
Entrance Fee, in addition to his first Annual Subscription.
9.— No person elected a Member shall be entitled to exercise any privilege as
such until he has paid his Entrance Fee and first Subscription, and no Member
shall be entitled to receive a copy of the "Proceedings" for any year until his
Subscription for that year has been paid.
10.— A registered letter shall be sent by the Hon. Treasurer to any Member
whose Subscription is in arrear at the date of any Annual Meeting, demanding
payment within 28 days, failing which he shall cease to be a Member of the Club,
but shall, nevertheless, be liable for the arrears then due.
11. — Members desiring to leave the Club shall give notice of the same in
writing to the Treasurer (or Secretary), but, unless such notice is given before the
end of January in any year, they shall be liable to pay the Annual Subscription
due to the Club on and after January 1st in that year.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
12. — Honorary Members shall consist of persons eminent for scientific or
natural history attainments, and shall be elected by the Council. They pay no
subscription, and have all the privileges of Ordinary Members, except voting.
MEETINGS.
13. — The Annual General Meeting shall be held as near the first week in May
as may be convenient ; to receive the outgoing President's Address (if any) and
the Treasurer's financial report ; to elect the Officers and Editor for the ensuing
year ; to determine the number (which shall usually be three or four), dates, and
places of Field Meetings during the ensuing summer, and for general purposes.
14. — Two Winter Meetings shall usually be held in or about the months of
December and February for the exhibition of Objects of Interest (to which not
more than one hour of the time before the reading of the Papers shall be
devoted), for the reading and discussion of Papers, and for general purposes.
The Dates and Places of the Winter and Annual Meetings shall be decided by
the Executive.
15.— A Member may bring Friends to the Meetings subject to the following
restrictions : — No person (except the husband, wife, or child of a Member), may
attend the Meeting unaccompanied by the Member introducing him, unless such
Member be prevented from attending by illness, and no Member may take with
him to a Field Meeting more than one Friend, whose name and address must be
submitted to the Hon. Secretary and approved by him or the Executive.
The above restrictions do not apply to the Executive or to the Acting Secretary
at the Meeting.
16. — Members must give due notice (with prepayment of expenses) to the Hon.
Secretary of their intention to be present, with or without a Friend, at any
Field Meeting, in return for which the Secretary shall send to the Member a card
of admission to the Meeting, to be produced when required. Any Member who,
having given such notice, fails to attend, will be liable only for any expenses
actually incurred on his account, and any balance will be returned to him on
application. The sum of Is., or such other amount as the Hon. Secretary may
consider necessary, shall be charged to each person attending a Field Meeting, for
Incidental Expenses.
17. — The Executive may at any time call a Special General Meeting of the
Members upon their own initiative or upon a written requisition (signed by Eight
Members) being sent to the Honorary Secretary. Any proposition to be submitted
shall be stated in the Notice, which shall be sent to each Member of the Club not
later than seven days before the Meeting.
PAPERS.
18. — Notice shall be given to the Secretary, a convenient time before each
Meeting, of any motion to be made or any Paper or communication desired to be
read, with its title and a short sketch of its scope or contents. The insertion of
these in the Programme is subject to the consent of the Executive.
19.— The Publications of the Club shall be in the hands of the Executive, who
shall appoint annually Three or more Ordinary Members to form with them and
the Editor a Publication Committee for the purpose of deciding upon the contents
of the Annual Volume. These contents shall consist of original papers and
communications written for the Club, and either read, or accepted as read, at a
General Meeting ; also of the Secretary's Reports of Meetings, the Treasurer's
Financial Statement and Balance Sheet, a list to date of all Members of the Club,
and of those elected in the current or previous year, with the names of their
proposers and seconders. The Annual Volume shall be edited by the Editor
subject to the direction of the Publication Committee.
20. — Twenty -five copies of his paper shall be presented to each author whose
communication shall appear in the volume as a separate article, on notice being
given by him to the Publisher to that effect.
THE AFFILIATION OF SOCIETIES AND LIBRARIES TO THE CLUB.
21. — Any Natural History or Antiquarian Society in the County may be
affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Shillings,
in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club shall
be sent to such Society.
Every affiliated Society shall send the programme of its Meetings to the Hon.
Secretary of the Field Club, and shall also report any discoveries of exceptional
interest. And the Field Club shall send its programme to the Hon. Secretary of
each affiliated Society.
X.
The Members of the Field Club shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any
Meetings of affiliated Societies, and the Members of any affiliated Society shall
not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of the Field Club. But any
Member of an affiliated Society shall be eligible to read a paper or make an
exhibit at the Winter Meetings of the Field Club at Dorchester.
Any Public Library, or Club or School or College Library, in England or
elsewhere, may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual
fee of Ten Shillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of
the Field Club shall be sent to such Library.
SECTIONAL COMMITTEES.
22. — Small Committees may be appointed at the Annual General Meeting to
report to the Club any interesting facts or discoveries relating to the various
sections which they represent ; and the Committee of each section may elect one
of their Members as a Corresponding Secretary.
NEW RULES.
23. — No alteration in or addition to these Eules shall be made except with the
consent of a majority of three-fourths of the Members present at the Annual
General Meeting, full notice of the proposed alteration or addition having been
given both in the current Programme and in that of the previous Meeting.
XI.
ZTbe H)ot3Ct
Iftatural Ibistorp anfc Hntiquartan ffielfc Club.
INAUGURATED MARCH 26th, 1875.
President :
NELSON M. RICHARDSON, ESQ., B.A.
Vice- Presidents :
THE LORD EUSTACE CECIL, F.R.G.S. (Past President}.
THE REV. HERBERT PENTIN, M.A. (Hon. Secretary}.
THE REV. CANON HANSEL -PLEYDELL, M.A., R.D. (Hon. Treasurer}.
HENRY SYMONDS, >SQ., F.S.A. (Hon. Editor}.
CAPTAIN G. R. ELWES, J.P.
H. COLLEY MARCH, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A.
THE REV. CANON MAYO, M.A. (Dorset Editor of "Somerset and Dorset Notes
and Queries ").
THE REV. W. MILES BARNES, B.A.
THE EAEL or MORAY, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S.
THE REV. O. PICKARD- CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
ALFRED POPE, ESQ., F.S.A.
E. R. SYKES, Esq., B.A., F.Z.S. (Past Pres. Malacological Society}.
His HONOUR J. S. UDAL, F.S.A.
Executive Body :
NELSON M. RICHARDSON, Esq., B.A. (President}.
The Rev. HERBERT PENTIN, M.A. (Hon. Secretary}, St. Peter's Vicarage, Portland.
The Rev. Canon. M ANSEL -PLEYDELL, M.A. (Hon. Treasurer}, Sturminster
Newton Vicarage, Dorset.
Hon. Editor :
HENRY SYMONDS, Esq., F.S.A., 30, Bolton Gardens, London, S.W.
Publication Committee:
The EXECUTIVE, The HON. EDITOR, H. B. MIDDLETON, Esq.,
Dr. COLLEY MARCH, and E. R. SYKES, Esq.
Sectional Committees :
Dorset Photographic Survey — The MEMBERS of the EXECUTIVE BODY ex
officio, Captain JOHN ACLAND, M. A., F.S.A., the Rev. W. MILES BARNES,
B.A., C. J. CORNISH BROWNE, Esq., Mrs. W. D. DICKSON, the Rev. S.
E. V. FILLEUL, M.A., the Rev. C. H. FYNES-CLINTON, M.A., Dr. E. K.
LE FLEMING, C. H. MATE, Esq., A. D. MOULLIN, Esq., Miss HILDA
POPE, the Rev. J. RIDLEY.
Earthworks — Dr. H. COLLEY MARCH, F.S.A. (Chairman), CHAS. S. PRIDEAUX
Esq. (Corresponding Secretary), The PRESIDENT, J. G. N. CLIFT, Esq.,
the Rev. W. O. COCKRAFT, Jb.A., H. LE JEUNE, Esq., Lieut. -Colonel
F. G. L. MAINWARING, VERB OLIVER, Esq., ALFRED POPE, Esq., F.S.A.,
W. DE C. PRIDEAUX, Esq., F.S.A., T. H. R. WINWOOD, Esq., M.A. 4
Numismatic — H. SYMONDS, Esq., F.S.A. (Corresponding Secretary), Captain
JOHN E. ACLAND, M.A., F.S.A., Lieut. -Colonel F. G. L. MAINWARING,
Canon J. C. M. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, M.A., R.D., W. DE C. PRIDEAUX,
Esq., F.S.A., H. F. RAYMOND, Esq.
Restored Churches — The Rev. A. C. ALMACK, M.A., H. W. CRICKMAY, Esq.,
the Rev. JAMES CROSS, M.A., the Rev. Canon FLETCHER, M.A., R.D.,
R. HINE, Esq., the Rev. Canon MAYO, M.A., W. B. WILDMAN, Esq., M.A.
Honorary Members:
O.M. W. CAERUTHERS, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), South Kensington.
1888 The Rev. OSMOND FISHEE, M.A., F.G.S., Graveley, Huntingdon.
1889 A. M. WALLIS, Esq., 29, Mallams, Portland.
1900 A. J. JUKES -BROWNE, Esq., B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Westleigh, Ash-
Hill Road, Torquay.
1900 R. LYDEKKEE, Esq., B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., The Lodge, Harpenden,
Herts.
1900 CLEMENT REID, Esq., F.R.S,, F.L.S., F.G.S., One Acre, Milford-on-
Sea, Hants.
1900 A. SMITH WOODWARD, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., British Museum (Nat.
Hist.), South Kensington, London.
1904 Sir WM. THISELTON DYER, K.C.M.G., C.I.E., LL.D., Sc.D., Ph.D.,
F.R.S. , The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester.
1904 Sir FREDERICK TREVES, Bart., G.C.V.O., C.B., LL.D., Thatched House
Lodge, Richmond Park, Kingston-on-Thames.
1908 THOMAS HARDY, Esq., O.M., D. Litt., LL.D., Max Gate, Dorchester.
Xll.
Eist of
jTiatural Sjistarp ant)
jfidti Club.
Fear of
Election. ( The initials " O.M." signify " Original Member")
1903 The Most Hon. the Marquis of
Salisbury, M.A., C.B.
1911 The Right Hon. Gertrude,
Countess of Moray
O.M. The Eight Hon. the Earl of
Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot.,
F.G.S. (Vice -President}
The Manor House, Cranborne
Westfield, Wimborne
1911 The Eight Hon. the Earl of
Ilchester
1902 The Eight Hon. the Earl of
Shaftesbury, K.C.V.O.
1884 The Eight Hon. Lord Eustace
Cecil, F.E.G.S. ( Vice -President)
1903 The Eight Hon. Lady Eustace
Cecil
1904 The Eight Eev. the Lord Bishop
of Durham, D.D.
1892 The Eight Eev. the Lord Bishop
of Worcester, D.D., F.S.A.
1912 The Eight Eev. the Lord Bishop
of Salisbury, D.D.
1889 The Eight Hon. Lord Digby
1903 The Eight Hon. Lord Chelmsford
1907 The Eight Hon. Lord Wynford
1907 The Eight Hon. Lady Wynford
1910 Abbott, F. E., Esq.
1914 Acheson-Gray, Mrs.
1893 Acland, Captain John E., M.A.,
F.S.A.
1892 Acton, Eev. Edward, B.A.
1899 Aldridge, Mrs. Selina
1912 Alexander, Miss Constance
1907 Allner, Mrs. George
Kinfauns Castle, Perth, N.B.
Melbury, Dorchester
St. Giles, Wimborne
Lytchett Heath, Poole
Lytchett Heath, Poole
Auckland Castle, Bishop's Auckland
Hartlebury Castle, Kidderminster
The Palace, Salisbury
Minterne, Dorchester
18, Queen's Gate Place, London, S.W.
Warmwell House, Dorchester
Warmwell House, Dorchester
Shortwood, Christchurch, Hants
East Hill, Charminster
Wollaston House, Dorchester
Iwerne Minster Vicarage, Blandford
Denewood, Alum Chine Eoad, Bourne-
mouth
The Grange, Chetnole, Sherborne
National Provincial Bank, Sturminster
Newton
Xlll.
1908 Almack, Rev. A. C., M.A.
1906 Atkins, F. T., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.E.C.P. Edin.
1907 Atkinson, George T., Esq., M.A.
1902 Baker, Sir Eandolf L., Bart. , M.P.
1912 Baker, Rev. E. W., B.A.
1887 Bankes, Rev. Canon, M.A.
1906 Bankes, Mrs.
1912 Bankes, Jerome N., Esq., F.S.A.
1902 Barkworth, Edmund, Esq.
1904 Barlow, Major C. M.
1894 Barnes, Mrs. John lies
1889 Barnes, Rev. W. M., B.A. (Vice-
President}
1903 Barnes, Mrs. F. J.
1884 Barrett, W. Bowles, Esq.
1906 Barrow, Richard, Esq.
1895 Bartelot, Rev. R. Grosvenor, M.A.
1893 Baskett, S. R., Esq.
1904 Baskett, Mrs. S. R.
1913 Bassett, Rev. H. H. Tilney, R.D.
1909 Batten, Colonel J. Mount, C.B.
Lord-Lieutenant of Dorset
1910 Baxter, Lieut. -Colonel W. H.
1910 Baxter, Mrs. W. H.
1888 Beckford, F. J., Esq.
1908 Benett-Stanford, Major J.,
F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.
1910 Blackett, Rev. J. C., B.A.
1912 Blackett, C. H., Esq.
1912 Blackett, W. E., Esq.
1910 Blomefield, Commander T. C. A.,
R.N.
1903 Bond, Gerald Denis, Esq.
1906 Bond, Nigel de M., Esq., M.A.
1903 Bond, Wm. Ralph G., Esq.
1910 Bond, F. Bligh, Esq., F.R.I.B.A.
1913 Bone, Clement G., Esq., M.A.
1894 Bonsor, Geo., Esq.
The Rectory, Blandford St. Mary
Cathay, Alumhurst Road, Bournemouth
Durlston Court, Swanage
Ranston, Blandford
The Rectory, Witchampton
The Close, Salisbury
Kingston Lacy, Wimbonie
63, Redcliffe Gardens, London, S.W.
South House, Pydeltrenthide
Southcot, Charminster
Blandford
Weymouth Avenue, Dorchester
Glenthorn, Weymouth
2, Belfield Terrace, Weymouth
Sorrento House, Sandecotes, Parkstone
Fordington St. George Vicarage,
Dorchester
Evershot
Evershot
Whitchurch Vicarage, Blandford
Up-Cerne House, Dorchester, and
Mornington Lodge, West Kensington
The Wilderness, Sherborue
The Wilderness, Sherborne
Witley, Parkstone
Hatch House, Tisbury, Wilts
Keys, Stour Road, Christchurch
Rasapeima, McKinley Road, Bourne-
mouth
Blanchland, McKinley Road, Bourne-
mouth
9, Bincleaves Road, Weymouth
Holme, Wareham
8, Evelyn Gardens, London, S.W.
Tyneham, Wareham
The Guild House, Glastonbury
6, Lennox Street, Weymouth
El Castillo, Mairena del Alcor,
Se villa, Spain
XIV.
1889 Bower, H. Syndercombe, Esq.
1900 Bower, Eev. Charles H. S., M.A.
1898 Brandreth, Kev. F. W., M.A.
1901 Brennand, John, Esq.
1900 Brown, Miss
1895 Brymer, Eev. J. G., M.A.
1907 Bulfin, Ignatius, Esq., B.A.
1900 Bullen, Colonel John Bullen
Symes
1914 Burton, Miss
1907 Bury, Mrs. Henry
1905 Busk, W. G., Esq.
1905 Busk, Mrs. W. G.
1901 Bussell, Miss Katherine
1903 Butler-Bowden, Mrs. Bruno
1911 Butlin, M. C., Esq., M.A.
1891 Carter, William, Esq.
1905 Chadwyck-Healey, Sir C. E. H.,
M.A., K.C.r K.C.B., F.S.A.
1903 Champ, A., Esq.
1913 Champ, Miss Edith
1913 Champ, Miss Eva M.
1897 Chudleigh, Mrs.
1894 Church, Colonel Arthur
1904 Clapcott, Miss
1892 Clarence, Lovell Burchett, Esq.
1905 Clark, Mrs. E. S.
1895 Clarke, E. Stanley, Esq.
1912 Clift, J. G. Neilson, Esq.
1883 Colfox, Miss A. L.
1878 Colfox, Colonel T. A.
1905 Collins, Sir Stephen, M.P.
1904 Collins, Wm. W., Esq., E.I.
1905 Colville, H. K., Esq.
1904 Coney, Major Wm. Bicknell
1912 Cooke, Eev. J. H., M.A.,
LL.D.
1902 Cornish, Eev. W. F., M.A.
1903 Cornish -Browne, C. J., Esq.
Fontmell Parva, Shillmgstone, Bland-
ford
Childe Okeford Eectory, Shillingstone,
Dorset
Buckland Newton, Dorchester
Belmont, Parkstone
Belle Vue, Shaftesbury
Ilsington House, Puddletown
The Den, Knole Hill, Bournemouth
Catherston Leweston, near Channouth
Blake Hill House, Parkstone
May field House, Farnham, Surrey
Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester
Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester
Thorneloe School, Eodwell, Weymouth
Upwey House, Upwey
7, Westerhall Eoad, Weymouth
The Hermitage, Parkstone
Wyphurst, Cranleigh, Surrey
St. Katherine's, Bridport
St. Katherine's, Bridport
Coniston, Bridport
Downshay Manor, LaugtonMatravers,
Dorset
St. Alban's, Eodwell, Weymouth
The Cottage, Bradford Peverell, Dor-
chester
Coaxden, Axminster
St. Aldhelm's, Wareham
Trobridge House, Crediton, Devon
8, Prince's Street, Westminster,
S.W.
Westmead, Bndport
Coneygar, Bridport
Elm House, Tring, Hertfordshire
Stoborough Croft, Wareham
Loders Court, Bridport
Hillside, Kingston, near Taunton
Shillingstone Eectory
Steepleton Eectory, Dorchester
Cory ton Park, Axminster
XV.
1891 Cother, Eev. P. L., M.A.
1886 Crespi, A. J. H., Esq., B.A.,
M.R.C.P.
1909 Cnckmay, Harry W., Esq.
1884 Cross, Eev. James, M.A.
1914 Cross, Miss Florence
1885 Curme, Deciraus, Esq., M.R.C.S.
1896 Curtis, C. H., Esq.
1897 Curtis, Wilfrid Parkinson, Esq.,
E.E.S.
1903 Dacombe, J. M. J., Esq.
1912 Dammers, B. F. H., Esq.
1907 Daniell, G. H. S., Esq., M.B.
1907 Daniell, Miss Margaret
O.M. Darell, D., Esq., F.G.S., F.L.S.,
F.Z.S.
1904 Davies, Rev. Canon S. E., M.A.
1894 Davis, Geo., Esq.
1909 Day, Cyril D., Esq., B.A.
1904 Deane, Mrs. A. M.
1910 Devenish, Major J. H. C.
1914 Dibben, H. F., Esq., M.A.
1907 Dicker, Miss Eleanor H.
1912 Dickson, Colonel W. D.
1912 Dickson, Mrs. W. D.
1903 Digby, Major H. Montague
1911 Dillon-Trenchard, Miss Margaret
1906 Dodd, Frank Wm., Esq.,
M.Inst.C.E.
1908 Dodington, H. P. Marriott, Esq.
1908 Dominy, G. H., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P.
1912 Dru Drury, G., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P.
1904 Dugdale, J. B., Esq.
1905 Duke, Mrs. Henry
1907 Duke, Miss M. Constance
1908 Duke, Mrs. E. Barnaby
1, Clearmount, Weymouth
Cooma, Poole Road, Wimborne
Maybury, 12, Greenhill Terrace,
Weymouth
Baillie House, Sturminster Marshall,
Wimborne
Stock Gaylard Rectory, Sturminster
Newton
Eversley, Durley Road, Bournemouth
Blandford
Aysgarth, Longfleet, Poole
27, Holdenhurst Road, Bournemouth
Harbour House, Bridport
Dale House, Blandford
Dale House, Blandford
Hillfield House, Stoke Fleming, Dart-
mouth, Devon
Wyke Regis Rectory, Weymouth
West Lodge, Icen Way, Dorchester
Gleuhurst, Dorchester
Clay Hill House, near Gilliiigham
Springfield, Weymouth
Eype, Bridport
Brook House, Upwey, Dorchester
Southill, Dean Park, Bournemouth
Southill, Dean Park, Bournemouth
11, Park Lane, Piccadilly, W.
The Ridge, Durlston Park Road,
Swanage
17, Adam Street, Brooklyn, U.S.A.
Castle Gardens, Wareham
Milton Abbas, Blandford
Corfe Castle, Wareham
Sandford, Wareham
Manor House, Godmanstone, Dor-
chester
The Limes, Dorchester
Maen, Dorchester
XVI.
1896 Dundas, Ven. Archdeacon, M.A.
1911 Dymond, Miss Evelyn
1914 Eardley, Mrs. H. Edwyn
191C Eaton, Eev. A. E., M.A., F.E.S.
1913 Edwards, Aubrey, Esq.
1913 Ellis, Henry, Esq., F.E.A.S.
1885 Elwes, Captain G. R. (Vice-
President)
1913 Facey, C. S., Esq., M.B.
1886 Falkner, C. G., Esq., M.A.
1884 Farley, Rev. H., M.A.
1913 Farrar-Roberts,W., Esq.
1903 Fairer, Colonel Philip
1912 Ferguson, Miss E. M.
1912 Ferguson, Miss Constance
1904 Ffooks, Mrs. E. Archdall
1904 Fielding, Thos., Esq., M.D.
1892 Filleul, Rev. S. E. V., M.A.
1889 Filliter, George Clavell, Esq.
1896 Filliter, Rev. W. D., M.A.
1910 Filliter, Mrs. W. D.
1901 Fisher, Mrs. J. F.
1911 Fisher, Rev. J. Martyn, M.A.
1890 Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq.
1906 Fletcher, Mrs. W. J.
1907 Fletcher, Rev. Canon J. M. J.,
M.A., R.D.
1885 Floyer, G. W., Esq., B.A.
1895 Forbes, Mrs.
1897 Forde, Henry, Esq.
1910 Forder, B. C., Esq.
1893 Forrester, Hugh Carl, Esq., B.A.
1893 Forrester, Mrs. James
1910 Fox-Strangways, H. W., Esq.
1911 Fox, H. E. Croker, Esq., M.B.
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.
1910 Fi-eame, Major B. E.
1895 Fry, Edward Alexander, Esq.
Milton Abbey Vicarage, Blandf ord.
Two Leas, Langton Matravers,
Wareham
The Rectory, Swaiiage
Richmond Villa, Northam, North
Devon
The Beeches, Pen Hill Avenue, Park-
stone
Boat Close, Lyme Regis
Bossington, Bournemouth
The Elms, Chickerell, near Wey-
mouth
Ireton Bank, Rusholme, Manchester
Overbury Road, Parkstone
Plas Lodwig, St. John's Road,
Bournemouth West
Binnegar Hall, Wareham
Elwell Lea, Upwey, Dorchester
Elwell Lea, Upwey, Dorchester
Kingscote, Dorchester
Milton Abbas, Blandford
All Saints' Rectory, Dorchester
St. Martin's House, Wareham
East Lulworth Vicarage, Wareham
East Lulworth Vicarage, Wareham
Vines Close, Wimborne
St. Paul's Vicarage, Weymouth
Aldwick Manor, Bognor, Sussex
Wyrley, Colehill, Wimborne
The Vicarage, Wimborne Minster
West Stafford, Dorchester
Culverhayes, Shillingstone, Blandford
Luscombe, Parkstone
Wilderton, Branksome Park, Bourne-
mouth
St. John's Cottage, Shaftesbury
Westport, Wareham
2, St. Aubyn's Park, Tiverton, Devon
Chalbury Lodge, Weymouth
The Chantry, Gillingham
227, Strand, London, W.C.
XV11.
1903 Fry, George S., Esq.
1913 Gadesden, Mrs. Edmund
1896 George, Mrs.
1908 Gildea, Miss W. P. C.
1890 Glyn, Captain Carr Stuart
1912 GTyn, Mrs. Carr
O.M. Glyn, Sir E. G., Bart.
1895 Godman, F. du Cane, Esq.,
F.E.S.
1906 Gowrmg, Mrs. B. W.
1908 Greenwood, Arthur, Esq., L.M.S.,
L.S.A.
1888 Greves, Hyla, Esq., M.D.
1904 Groves, Herbert J., Esq.
1906 Groves, Miss
1912 Groves, Miss
1912 Groves, Miss M.
1906 Grundry, Joseph, Esq.
1896 Haggard, Eev. H. A., M.A.
1912 Haines, F. H., Esq., M.E.C.S.,
L.E.C.P.
1903 Hambro, Sir Everard, K.C.V.O.
1905 Hambro, C. Eric, Esq.
1913 Hamilton, Miss
1893 Hankey , Eev. Canon, M. A. , E.D .
1910 Harbin, Eev. E. H. Bates, M.A.
1890 Harrison, Eev. F. T., M.A.
1898 Hassell, Miss
1894 Hawkins, W., Esq., M.E.C.S.
1903 Hawkins, Miss Isabel
1908 Hawkins, Eev. H.
1893 Hayne, E., Esq.
1889 Head, J. Merrick, Esq., M.E.I.A.,
F.E.G.S., F.P.S.
1905 Heath, F. E., Esq.
1911 Hellins, Eev. E. W. J., M.A.,
LL.B.
1911 Hellins, Mrs. E. W. J.
1899 Henning, Mrs.
1913 Henshaw, E. Stevenson, Esq.,
C.E. (Hon. Editor of the Dorset
Rainfall Reports}
Chesham, The Grove, Nether Street,
Fiiichley, London, N.
Holwell Manor, Sherborne
Fleet House, near Weymouth
Upwey Eectory, Dorchester
Wood Leaze, Wimborne
Wood Leaze, Wimborne
Gaunts House, Wimborne
Lower Beediiig, Horsham
49, High West Street, Dorchester
32, Dorchester Eoad, Weymouth
Eodney House, Bournemouth
Clifton, Weymouth
Thickthorne, Broadwey, Dorset
Blackdown, Weymouth
Blackdown, Weymouth
Eed House, Queen's Avenue, Dor-
chester
Molash Vicarage, Canterbury
Winfrith, Dorchester
Milton Abbey, Dorset
Pickhurst Mead, Hayes, Kent
Affpuddle Vicarage, Dorchester
Lambert House, Dorchester
Newton Surmaville, Yeovil
Burton Bradstock Eectory, Bridport
Westfield Lodge, Parkstone
Hillfield, Broadwey, Dorchester
Eyme. Elwell Street, Upwey
1, Westerhall, Weymouth
Fordington House, Dorchester
Pennsylvania Castle, Portland
The Woodlands, Weymouth
Marnhull Eectory, Dorset
Marnhull Eectory, Dorset
Frome, Dorchester
New Eoad, Portland
xvm.
1912 Hichens, Mrs. T. S.
1901 Hill, K. E., Esq.
1910 Hill, Miss Pearson
1902 Hine, E., Esq.
1902 Homer, Miss E. C. Wood
1907 Homer, Mrs. G. Wood
1888 Huntley, H. E., Esq.
1903 Jenkins, Eev. T. Leonard, M.A.
1912 Jordan, Miss
1893 Kerr, E. W., Esq., M.D.
1895 Lafontame, A. C. de, Esq., F.S.A.
1902 Langdon, Miss Mary C.
1876 Langford, Eev. Canon, M.A.
1907 Lees, Captain Edgar, E.N.
1907 Lees, Mrs. Edgar
1910 Le Fleming, E. K., Esq., B.A.,
M.B.
1900 Legge, Miss Jane
1899 Le Jeune, H., Esq.
1900 Leslie, Eev. E. C., M.A.
1902 Lewis, Eev. A., M.A.
189-4 Liiiklater, Eev. Prebendary, D.D.
1890 Lister, Miss Gulielma, F.L.S.
1905 Llewellin, W., Esq., M.A.
1900 Lock, Mrs. A. H.
1892 Lock, His Honour Judge
B. Fossett
1893 Lock, Miss Mary C.
1911 Long, Eev. H. E., B.A.
1910 MacCormick, Eev. F., F.S.A.
Scot., M.E.A.S.
1888 MacDonald, P. W., Esq., M.D.
1902 Mainwaring, Lieut. -Col. F. G. L.
1890 Manger, A. T., Esq.
1907 Mansel, Miss Susan
1899 Mansel-Pleydell, Eev. Canon
J. C. M., M.A., E.D. (Vice-
President and Hon. Treasurer')
1896 March, H. Colley, Esq., M.D.,
F.S.A., M.E.S.A.I., F.A.I.
(Vice -President}
1883 Marriott, Sir W. Smith, Bart.
Flamberts, Trent, Sherborne
Long Lynch, Childe Okeford
Eax, Bridport
Beaminster
Bardolf Manor, Puddletown
Bardolf Manor, Puddletown
Charltoii House, Blandford
Leigh Vicarage, Sherborne
The Eidge, Durlston Park Eoad,
Swanage
South Walks House, Dorchester
Athelhampton, Dorchester
Parrock's Lodge, Chard
Southbrook, Starcross, S. Devon
White Cross, Wyke Eegis
White Cross, Wyke Eegis
St. Margaret's, Wimborne
Allington Villa, Bridport
St. Ives, Upper Parkstone, Dorset
Came Eectory, Dorchester
Chardstock Vicarage, Chard
Holworth House, Winfrith
High Cliff, Lyme Eegis
Upton House, Poole
53, High West Street, Dorchester
The Toft, Bridlington, East Yorks
7, Blackheath Eoad, Oxford
Tolpuddle, Dorchester
Wrockwardine Wood Eectory, Wel-
lington, Salop
Herrison, Dorchester
Wabey House, Upwey
Stock Hill, Gillingham
Top-o'-Town, Dorchester
Sturminster Newton Vicarage, Dorset
Portesham, Dorchester
The Down House, Blandford
1904 Marsh, J. L., Esq.
1911 Mason, W. J., Esq.
1911 Mason, Mrs. E. E.
1907 Mate, C. H., Esq.
1879 Maunsell, Rev. F. W., M.A.
O.M. Mayo, Eev. Canon, M.A., E.D.
( Vice- President)
1912 McDowall, A. S., Esq., M.A.
1907 Michell, Theo., Esq.
O.M. Middleton, H. B., Esq., M.A.
1909 Middleton, Miss A.
1890 Milne, Rev. Percy H., M.A.
O.M. Moorhead, J., Esq., M.A.,
M.D.
1905 Morgan, Mrs.
1911 Morris, Sir Daniel, K.C.M.G.,
D.Sc., D.C.L., F.L.S.
1914 Moule, Rev. A. C., B.A.
1897 Moullin, Arthur D., Esq.
1908 Nettleton, Spencer, Esq.
1909 Newnham, H. S., Esq.
1905 Nicholson, Captain Hugh
1906 Oke, A. W., Esq., B.A., LL.M.,
F.S.A., F.G.S.
1886 Okeden, Colonel U. E. Parry
1906 Okeden, Edmund Parry, Esq.
1908 Oliver, Vere L., Esq.
1908 Oliver, Mrs. Vere L.
1904 Oliver, Weston, Esq., M.A.
1908 Ord, W. T., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P., F.G.S.
1911 Ouless, W. W. , Esq., R. A.
1911 Ouless, Miss Catherine
1905 Paget, Miss Adelaide
1914 Pass, Alfred Douglas, Esq.
1890 Patey, Miss
1908 Patterson, Mrs. Myles
1907 Paul, Edward Clifford, Esq.,
M.A.
1907 Paul, Mrs. Edward Clifford
White Cliff Mill Street, Blandford
St. Denis, Cann, Shaftesbury
St. Denis, Cann, Shaftesbury
Elim, Surrey Road South, Bourne-
mouth
Symondsbury Rectory, Bndport
Gillingham, Dorset
Norden, Corfe Castle
Trewirgie, 37, Christchurch Road,
Bournemouth
Bradford Peverell, Dorchester
Bradford Peverell, Dorchester
Hornblotton Rectory, Castle Gary
The Imperial Hotel, Bournemouth
The Vicarage, Yetmiiister
14, Crabton Close, Boscombe
Little Bredy, Dorchester
Fermain, Cranbourne Road, Swanage
West Lul worth, Wareham
Rodlands, Dorchester
Nettlecombe, Melplash
32, Denmark Villas, Hove, Sussex
Tumworth, Blandford
Turnworth, Blandford
Whitmore Lodge, Sunninghill, Berks
Whitmore Lodge, Sunninghill, Berks
Castle House, Weymouth
Greenstead, 14, Madeira Road, Bourne-
mouth
12, Bryanston Square, London, W.
12, Bryanston Square, London, W.
Park Homer, Wimborne
Wootton Fitzpaine, Charmouth
185, Oakwood Court, Kensington,
London, W.
Cony gar, Broadmayne, Dorchester
Eastbrook House, Upwey
Eastbrook House, Upwey
XX.
1894 Payne, Miss Florence O.
1906 Pearce, Mrs. Thos. A.
1909 Pearce, Edwin, Esq.
1901 Peck, Gerald K., Esq.
1878 Penny, Kev. J., M.A.
1894 Penny-Snook, S., Esq., M.B.C.S.,
L.E.C.P.
1907 Penny-Snook, Mrs. S.
1901 Pentin, Eev. Herbert, M.A. ( Vice-
President and Hon. Secretary)
1894 Peto, Sir Henry, Bart.
1896 Phillips, Miss
1908 Phillips, Eev. C. A., M.A.
1898 Pickard-Cambridge, A. W., Esq.,
M.A.
O.M. Pickard - Cambridge, Eev. O.,
M.A., F.E.S. (Vice -President}
1908 Pickard-Cambridge, Miss Ada
1908 Pickard-Cambridge, Miss
Catherine
1903 Pike, Leonard G., Esq.
1913 Pinney, Eev. Baldwin, B.A.
1913 Pinney, Mrs. Baldwin
1903 Pitt-Eivers, A. L. Fox, Esq.,
F.S.A.
1913 Pitt, Mrs. Lionel Fox
1904 Plowman, Eev. L. S.
1896 Pond, S., Esq.
1894 Ponting, Chas. E., Esq., F.S.A.
1908 Poole, Rev. Sealy, M.A.
O.M:. Pope, Alfred, Esq., F.S.A. (Vice-
President)
1906 Pope, Alfred Eolph, Esq., M.A.
1906 Pope, Mrs. Alfred Eolph
1905 Pope, Miss Hilda
1909 Pope, Francis J., Esq.,
F.E. Hist. S.
1909 Pratt, Colonel, E.A.
1896 Prideaux, C. S., Esq., L.D.S.
1900 Prideaux, W. de C., Esq., L.D.S.,
F.S.A., F.E.S.M.
1905 Pringle, Henry T., Esq., M.D.
1905 Pringle, Mrs. Henry T.
Eydal, Wimborne
Ivythorpe, Dorchester
Fore Street, Taunton
Muston Manor, Puddletown
Tarrant Eushton Eectory, Blandford
Netherton House, Weymouth
Netherton House, Weymouth
St. Peter's Vicarage. Portland
Chedington Court, Misterton, Somerset
Walton House, Bournemouth
Walton House, Bournemouth
St. Catherine's, Headington Hill, Ox-
ford
Bloxworth Eectory, Wareham
Picardy, Eodwell, Weymouth
Picardy, Eodwell, Weymouth
Kingbarrow, Wareham
Durweston Eectory, Blandford
Durweston Rectory, Blandford
Eushmore, Salisbury
Cliff House, Shaftesbury
Ibberton Eectory, Blandford
Blandford
Wye House, Marlborough
Chickerell Eectory, Weymouth
South Court, Dorchester
Culliford House, Dorchester
Culliford House, Dorchester
South Court, Dorchester
17, Holland Eoad, London, W.
The Ferns, Charminster
Ermingtoii, Dorchester
12, Frederick Place, Weymouth
Ferndown, Wimborne
Ferndown, Wimborne
XXI.
1888 Pye, William, Esq.
1905 Bamsden, Mrs.
1912 Bawlence, E. A., Esq.
1886 Keyuolds, Mrs. Arthur
1904 Bhydderch, Bev. W.
1887 Bichardson, N. M., Esq., B.A.
(President}
1901 Bidley, Bev. J.
1911 Bobson, Colonel H. D.
1911 Bobson, Mrs. H. D.
1886 Bodd, Edward Stanhope, Esq.
1907 Boe, Miss M. M. E.
1909 Boe, Bev. Wilfrid T., M.A.
1912 Bomilly, Geo., Esq., M.A.
1907 Boper, Freeman, Esq., F.L.S.
1889 Russell, Colonel C. J., B.E.
1910 Bussell- Wright, Bev. T., M.A.
1905 Sanderson. Wells, T. H., Esq.,
M.D.
1913 Sauer, Hans, Esq., M.D.
1913 Sauer, Mrs. Hans
1905 Saunt, Miss
1905 Saunt, Miss B. V.
1889 Schuster, Bev. W. P., M.A., B.D.
1910 Schuster, Mrs. W. P.
1907 Scott, J. H., Esq., M.E.
1904 Seaman, Bev. C. E., M.A., B.D.
1883 Searle, Alan, Esq.
1906 Shephard, Colonel C. S., D.S.O.
1896 Shepheard, Thomas, Esq.,
F.B.M.S.
1906 Shepherd, Bev. F. J.
1903 Sheridan, Mrs. A. T. Brinsley
1884 Sherren, J. A., Esq., F.B. Hist. S.
1914 Sherring, B. Vowell, Esq., F.L.S.
1913 Shields, Bev. A. J., M.A.
1908 Shortt, Miss E. F.
1908 Shortt, Miss L. M.
Dunmore, Bodwell, Weymouth
The Dower House, Lew Trenchard,
Devon
Newlands, Salisbury
Wyndcroft, Bridport
Owermoigne Bectory, Dorchester
Montevideo, Chickerell, near Wey-
mouth
The Bectory, Pulham, Dorchester
St. Oswald, West Lulworth
St. Oswald, West Lulworth
Chardstock House, Chard
Trent Bectory, Sherborne
Trent Bectory, Sherborne
The Grange, Marnhull
Forde Abbey, Chard
Clavinia, Weymouth
Mouiitside, Westbourne Park Boad,
Bournemouth
16, Victoria Terrace, Weymouth
Parnham, Beaminster
Parnham, Beamiiister
The Cottage, Upwey
The Cottage, Upwey
The Vicarage, West Lulworth, Ware-
ham
The Vicarage, West Lulworth, Ware-
bam
Skiddaw, Talbot Hill, Bournemouth
Stalbridge Bectory, Blandford
Ashton Lodge, Bassett, Southampton
Shortlake, Osmington, Weymouth
Kingsley, Bournemouth West
The Presbytery, Dorchester
Frampton Court, Dorchester
Helmsley, Penn Hill Avenue, Park-
stone
Hallatrow, Bristol
Thornf ord Bectory, Sherborne
The Manor House, Martinstown
The Manor House, Martinstown
XX11.
1897 Simpson, Jas., Esq.
1895 Simpson, Miss
1912 Smith, Eev. A. Hippisley
1913 Smith, Hy. Gregory, Esq.
1899 Smith, Howard Lyon, Esq.,
L.E.C.P.
1909 Smith, Nowell C., Esq., M.A.
1908 Smith, Mrs. Spencer
1888 Solly, Eev. H. Shaen, M.A.
1901 Sotheby, Eev. W. E. H., M.A.,
E.D.
1905 Stephens, J. Thompson, Esq.
1908 Stephens, A. N., Esq.
1900 Storer, Colonel, late E.E.
1895 Sturdy, Leonard, Esq.
1896 Sturdy, Philip, Esq.
1907 Sturdy, Alan, Esq.
1905 Sturdy, E. T., Esq.
1914 Sturrock, J., Esq.
1898 Sturt, W. Neville, Esq.
189S Suttill, H. S., Esq.
1905 Suttill, John, Esq.
1913 Swaffield, A. Owen, Esq.
1912 Swinburne -Hanham, J. C., Esq.
1893 Sykes, E. E., Esq., B.A., F.Z.S.
( Vice -President}
1889 Symes, G. P., Esq., M.A., B.C.L.,
M.V.O.
1904 Symonds, Arthur G., Esq.
1904 Symonds, Henry, Esq., F.S.A.
( Vice- President and
Hon. Editor)
1912 Symonds, F. G., Esq.
1913 Symonds, Wm. Pope, Esq.
1901 Telfordsmith, Telford, Esq.,
M.A., M.D.
O.M. Thompson, Eev. G., M.A.
Minterne Grange, Parkstone
Penolver, Glendinning Avenue, Wey-
mouth
Knowlton House, Surrey Eoad,
Bournemouth
Crathie Lodge, Parkstone
St. Mary's Eectory, Glanville's
Wootton
School House, Sherborne
Kingston Vicarage, Wareham
Southcote, Alexandra Eoad, Parkstone
Gillingham Vicarage, Dorset
Wanderwell, Bridport
Haddon House, West Bay, Bridport
Keavil, Bournemouth
Trigon, Wareham
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne-
mouth
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne-
mouth
Norburton, Burton Bradstock, Bridport
12, Greenhill, Weymouth
9, Lansdown Crescent, Bath
Pymore, Bridport
24, West Street, Bridport
Eodwell Lodge, Weymouth
Manston , Sturminster Newton
Longthorns, Blandford
Monksdene, Dorchester Eoad, Wey-
mouth
10, South Street, Dorchester
30, Bolton Gardens, London, S.W.
The Firs, Sturminster Newton
Newton House, Sturminster Newton
The Knoll, Parkstone
Highbury, Bodorgan Eoad, Bourne-
mouth
XX111.
1906 Thomson, Chas. Bertram, Esq.,
F.B.C.S.
1907 Towers, Miss
1898 Troyte-Bullock, Mrs.
1905 Truell, Mrs.
O.M. Udal, His Honour J. S., F.S.A.
(Vice-President)
1908 Udal, N. R., Esq., B.A.
1897 Usher, Rev. E., M.A., F.L.S.
1890 Usherwood, Eev. Canon T. E.,
M.A.
1910 Vivian, S. P., Esq.
1907 Waite, Arthur H., Esq.
1887 Walker, Eev. S. A., M.A.
1905 Ward, Samuel, Esq.
O.M. Warre, Eev. Canon F., M.A.
1904 Warry, Mrs. King
1904 Warry, Wm., Esq.
1905 Watkins, Wm., Esq., F.E.G.S.
1905 Watts, Miss
1893 Weaver, Eev. F. W., M.A.,
F.S.A., F.E.Hist.S.
1910 Webb, Miss
1913 West, C. E., Esq.
1895 Whitby, Joseph, Esq.
1908 Whitby, Mrs. J.
1904 Wil'dman, W. B., Esq., M.A.
1903 Williams, Captain Berkeley C. W.
1897 Williams, Miss F. L.
1884 Williams, Colonel Eobert, M.P.
1884 Williams, Mrs. Eobert
1908 Williams, Miss Ehoda
1906 Williams, Miss Meta
1912 Williams, Mrs. Arthur S.
1905 Wills, A. W., Esq., B.A., LL.B.
1906 Winwood, T. H. E., Esq., M.A.
1910 Woodd,A.B.,Esq.,M.A.,M.E.I.
1913 Woodhouse, Eev. A. C.
1913 Woodhouse, Mrs. A. C.
1898 Woodhouse, Miss
Eomansleigh, Wimborne
Kelvedon, Cliff Eoad, Sherringham,
Norfolk
Silton Lodge, Zeals, Bath
Onslow, Wimborne
2, Marlborough Hill, London, N.W.
Gordon College, Khartoum
Netherbury, Beaminster
Bagdale, Parkstone
22, Eoyal Avenue, Chelsea, S.W.
Osmington House, Weymouth
Charlton Manor, Blandford
Ingleton, Greenhill, Weymouth
Bemerton, Salisbury
39, Filey Avenue, Upper Clapton,
London, Is".
Westrow, Holwell, Sherborne
62, London Wall, E.G.
Bemerton, Salisbury
Milton Vicarage, Evercreech, Somerset
Luscombe, Parkstone
Cluny Croft, Swanage
Preston, Yeovil
Preston, Yeovil
The Abbey House, Sherborne
Herringston, Dorchester
Westleaze, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
South Walk, Dorchester
Hill House, Yetminster
3, Hyde Park Gate, London, S.W.
Eothesay, Dorchester
Heckfield, Milford-on-Sea, Hants
Winterborne Monkton Ecctory, Dor-
chester
Winterborne Monkton Eectory, Dor-
chester
Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester
XXIV.
1903 Woodhouse, Miss Ellen E.
1906 Woodhouse, Frank D., Esq.
1906 Woodhouse, Mrs. Frank D.
1911 Woodhouse, Miss A. M. R.
1902 Wright, Rev. Herbert L., B.A.
1910 Yeatman, H. F., Esq., M.A.,
B.C.L.
Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester
Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary
Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary
Norden, Blandford
Church Knowle Rectory, Corfe Castle
28, Cecil Court, Hollywood Road,
London, S.W.
AFFILIATED LIBRAE Y (Rule XXI.).
1911 Central Public Library Bournemouth
The above list includes the New Members elected up to and including the
May meeting of the year 1914.
(Any omissions or errors should be notified to the Hon. Secretary).
XXV.
jdeto
ELECTED SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE LIST CONTAINED
IN VOL. XXXIV.
The Rev. Canon T.
E. Usherwood
H. S. Newnham, Esq.
PKOPOSED MAY GTH, 1913.
Nominee. Proposer.
Miss Edith Champ, of St. A. Champ, Esq.
Katharine's, Bridport
Miss Eva M. Champ, of Conis- ,,
ton, Bridport
The Rev. A. J. Shields, M.A., Captain Carr S. Glyn
of Thornford Rectory, Sher-
borne
Hy. Gregory Smith, Esq., of
Crathie Lodge, Parkstone
The Rev. A. C. Woodhouse,
M.A., of Winterbourne Monk-
ton Rectory, Dorchester
Mrs. A. C. Woodhouse, of Winter- „
bourne Monkton Rectory
PROPOSED JUNE STH AND JULY BED,
Nominee. Proposer.
Mrs. Gadesden, of Holwell Canon J. C. M.
Manor, Sherborne Mansel-Pleydell
Mrs. Lionel Fox Pitt, of Cliff
House, Shaftesbury
Aubrey Edwards, Esq., of The Canon T. E.
Beeches, Penn Hill Avenue, Usherwood
Parkstone
PROPOSED SEPT. 16TH, 1913.
Nominee. Proposer.
The Rev. H. H. T. Bassett, Canon J. C. M.
R.D., of Whitchurch Vicarage, Mansel-Pleydell
Blandford
Clement G. Bone, Esq., M.A., of
6, Lennox Street, Weymouth
Henry Ellis, Esq., F.R.A.S., of W. J. Mason, Esq.
Inglefield, Little Heath,
Potter's Bar, Middlesex
Win. Pope Symonds, Esq., of Alfred Pope, Esq.
Broadview, Kettering
Seconder.
J. Suttill, Esq.
Miss Constance
Alexander
The Rev. H. Farley
The Rev. W. Miles
Barnes
1913.
Seconder.
H. Syndercombe
Bower, Esq.
The Rev. J. C.
Blackett
H. Le Jeune, Esq.
Seconder.
The Rev. A. C.
Almack
The Rev. W.
Rhydderch
The Rev. H. S.
Solly
The Hon. Editor
XXVI.
PROPOSED DEC. 9iH, 1913.
Nominee. Proposer.
Miss Burton, of Blake Hill The Rev. H. S. Solly
House, Parkstone
H. F. Dibben, Esq., M.A., of Sir Daniel Morris
Eype, Bridport
Charles E. Mason, of Stone,
Wimborne
J. Sturrock, Esq., of 12, Green-
hill, Weymouth
Seconder.
The Rev. S. E.
V. Filloul
Dr. W. T. Ord
Canon J. M. J.
Fletcher
Miss M. H. Saunt Miss Simpson
Captain Carr S. Glyn
PROPOSED FEB. SRD, 1914.
Nominee.
Mrs. Acheson-Gray, of East
Hill, Charminster
Miss Florence Cross, of Stock
Gaylard Rectory, Sturminster
Newton
Mrs. Eardley, of the Rectory,
Swanage
The Rev. A. C. Moule, B. A.,
of Little Bredy, Dorchester
Alfred Douglas Pass, Esq., of
Wootton Fitzpaine, Char-
mouth
R. Vowell Sherring, Esq., F.L.S.,
of Hallatrow, Bristol
Proposer.
Miss L. R. Clapcott
Canon J. C. M.
Mansel-Pleydell
The Rev. H. L.
Wright
Captain J. E. Acland
Colonel T. A. Coif ox
H. Le Jeune, Esq.
Seconder.
H. B. Middleton,
Esq.
Mrs. Allner
The Rev. W. P.
Schuster
Colonel Robert
Williams
Joseph Gundry,
Esq.
Dr. H. Colley
March
XXV11.
PUBLICATIONS.
Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
Field Club. Vols. I.— XXXV. Price 10s. 6d. each volume, post free.
General Index to the Proceedings. Vols. I.— XXVI. Price 6d., by
post 7d.
The Church Bells of Dorset. By theKev. Canon RAVEN, D.D., F.S.A.
Price (in parts, as issued), 6s. t>d., post free.
By the late J. C. HANSEL -PLEYDELL, B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
The Flora of Dorset. 2nd Edition. Price 12s.
The Birds of Dorset. Price 5s.
The Moll usca of Dorset. Price 5s.
By the Rev. O. PICKARD- CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
Spiders of Dorset. 2 vols. Price 25s., post free.
The British Phalangidea, or Harvest Men. Price 5s., post free.
British Chernetidea, or False Scorpions. Price 3s., post free.
By the PRESIDENT :
Second Supplement to the Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck.
Compiled from the notes of Eustace E. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.
The Volumes of Proceedings can be obtained from the Hon. Treasurer (the
Eev. Canon Mansel-Pleydell, Sturminster Xewton) ; the Church Bells of
Dorset, from the Rev. W. Miles Barnes, Dorchester ; Mr. Mansel-Pleydell's
works, from the Curator of the Dorset County Museum, Dorchester ; the
Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge's works, from the Author, Bloxworth Rectory,
Wareham ; the Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck, from the President ; and the
General Index, from the Assistant- Secretary (Mr. H. Pouncy, Dorset County
Chronicle Office, Dorchester).
SOCIETIES & INSTITUTIONS IN CORRESPONDENCE
WITH THE FIELD CLUB.
Bodleian Library, Oxford.
Bournemouth Natural Science Society, " Trewirgie,"
Christchurch Road, Bournemouth.
Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society,
Gloucester.
British Museum, London.
British Museum of Natural History, South Kensington,
London.
British Association, Burlington House, London.
Cambridge Philosophical Society, Cambridge.
Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science.
Essex Museum of (Natural History, Stratford, Essex.
Geological Society of London, London.
Hampshire Field Club, Southampton.
Royal Society of Antiquaries, Dublin, Ireland.
Society of Antiquaries, London.
Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society,
Taunton.
University Library, Cambridge.
Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society.
Devizes.
jTtaturai Sjistarp anti Antiquarian
jfidfc Club
FROM MAY, 1913, TO MAY, 1914.
FIRST SUMMER MEETING.
THE VALLEY OF THE WIN OR ALLEN.
Thursday, 5th June.
Wimborne railway station was the meeting place of about
120 members and their guests. Among those who attended
on this occasion were the President, the Hon. Secretary, the
Hon. Treasurer, and the Archdeacon of Dorset. Those of
the members who had arrived by earlier trains occupied the
interval by making a brief visit to the Minster Church, under
the guidance of Canon FLETCHER.
The party then began the programme by driving to the
paper mills at Witchampton, where they were received by
the owner, Mr. WILLIAM BURT, who conducted them through
the manufactory and explained in detail the various processes.
Paper making had been carried on continuously in this
country parish for about 150 years by seven or eight
generations of Mr. Burt's forefathers, and the industry was
therefore entitled to rank as one of the oldest in Dorset. It
was mentioned that the chief products of the mills were
cartridge paper for sporting ammunition and brown packing
paper. After the machinery and appliances had been
inspected, the PRESIDENT expressed the thanks of the Club
to Mr. Burt and his family for their kindness.
THE VALLEY OF THE WIN OR ALLEN. XXIX.
WlTCHAMPTON I
ITS BARN, MANOR HOUSE, AND CHURCH.
The Members were welcomed to this charming village by
the Rev. E. W. BAKER, the Rector, who acted as their guide.
The ruins of the so-called Abbey Barn were, by local tradition,
part of a monastery ; but Mr. Baker was of opinion that the
building was almost certainly the original manor house of
the Matravers and Arundel families, who had successively
owned the manor from 1300 to 1600. The PRESIDENT
recalled the fact that a holy- water stoup had been found in a
fallen portion of the wall, but the RECTOR said that his
predecessor came to the conclusion that the stoup was from
the private oratory of the house. Mr. PENTIN added that
there was no evidence of any monastic foundation in the
parish.
At the Manor House, which may be dated as not earlier
than 1520, the PRESIDENT read a few notes prepared by
Miss Williams, who had recently lived there. The dining-
room, kitchen, pantry, and another small room, with the
chambers over them, were the only surviving portions of the
old structure, the other part having been added about 38
years ago. Over a small window are the letters W. R.,
which stand for William Rolle ; when the house was enlarged
a worn stone reading, " Pray for the soule," was removed
from between the two letters. (The rector in 1505 was
Walter Rolle.) The oak mantelpiece and the panelling are
Jacobean ; the latter had been covered with white paint,
which was scraped off by Mrs. Williams.
The church of All Saints was rebuilt, with the exception of
the Perpendicular tower, by Mr. C. H. Sturt between 1832
and 1845, and was restored in 1898 by the Rev. C. P. Wix,
then rector. Mr. BAKER related the history of the church
and parish, with which were associated the families of
Arundel, Scovel, and Cole. He also drew attention to the
monuments formerly in the old church, to the 13th century
font of irregular octagon shape, which had at one time been
XXX. THE VALLEY OF THE WIN OR ALLEN.
used as a drinking trough, and to the chalice and paten
presented in 1630 by Elizabeth Scovel. Another interesting
object was an earthenware flagon, capable of holding some
five gallons, and bearing the inscription " Witchampton
Bellfrye."
CRICHEL HOUSE.
By the kind invitation of Lord Alington the Club next
visited More Crichel. The ancient seat of the Napiers having
been destroyed b}7" fire in 1742, the present house was erected
in the Classic Renaissance style of that period, and was
afterwards enlarged by Humphry Sturt. Many royal visitors
have been entertained at Crichel from time to time, King
Edward VII. and the German Emperor being among the
number. The members were able to examine the
architectural features of the interior and the collection of
works of art, the latter including a series of portraits by
celebrated painters of the 18th century. There was time to
walk through the Italian garden and the rock garden, where
the botanists found much to attract their attention. The
church, which was rebuilt by Mr. C. H. Sturt on the site of
an earlier fabric, was also visited.
KNOWLTON.
A pleasant drive brought the party to the derelict chapel
of Knowlton, in the parish of Woodlands. The ruins stand
upon a plateau surrounded by a circular earthwork, the fosse
of which is inside the vallum, as at Avebury. (Cf. the plan
and description in Proceedings Vol. XXXIV., p. 39.)
Mr. OSWALD KNAPP received the Members on their arrival
and explained the points of interest. The original chapel
was early Norman, of which period two typical arches have
survived. The font, also of Norman work, is now preserved
in Woodlands Church. The tower, chantry chapel, and the
eastern portion of the aisle were of the Decorated period.
Hutchins said that the building was in ruins in 1650, and
although there had been later attempts at restoration it
THE VALLEY OF THE WIN OR ALLEN. XXXI.
had been in its present roofless condition for at least a
century.
The day's programme terminated at Wimborne Vicarage,
where the Club was most hospitably entertained at tea by
Canon and Mrs. Fletcher. Two candidates for membership
were afterwards nominated.
XXX11. THE NEW FOREST.
SECOND SUMMER MEETING.
THE NEW FOREST.
Thursday, 3rd July.
The Field Club assembled at Ringwood Station, the
main purpose of the meeting being to examine the Romano-
British pottery works in that district.
Mr. Nelson M. Richardson, the President, was accompanied
by the Rev. H. Pentin, Canon Mansel-Pleydell, Captain
Elwes, Mr. Alfred Pope, and about 85 members and their
friends.
Under the guidance of Mr. Heywood Sumner. F.S.A., the
party set out for the potteries at Sloden, where the spoil
heaps yielded many specimens of broken shards, some of
which had been decorated by the craftsmen of the Roman
period.
After an inspection of the site, the members drove on
through the Forest to the second pottery works at Island's
Thorn, where Mr. SUMNER addressed them on the history of
the two undertakings, as derived from excavations and
similar evidence.
These potteries, at Sloden and Island's Thorn, were Romano -British
potteries of a commercial character. Here coarse, hard ware was
made and hawked about the country for sale, presumably on pack-
horses, judging by the trackways which one saw leading to and from
the potteries. There was one good example near God's Hill, called on
the Ordnance Map a " supposed camp," but really an old pack-horse
way, and the natural road from the Sloden potteries to Cranborne
Chase. The potteries had been excavated to a certain extent, but
not thoroughly, because the trees had always interfered with any
excavators' work. Mr. Bartlett, who made these excavations in 1853,
as recorded in Archceologia, found kilns with their floors intact, but not
their side walls. They had a sort of brick earth remaining round the
side walls, but none of them were perfect ; and unfortunately the
plans which Mr. Bartlett drew of the sites of the kilns were drawn with
the compass, and thus did not show how the kilns were made. It was
supposed that wood was used as fuel, and that then, as nowadays, the
THE NEW FOREST. XXX111.
clay was fetched to the fuel, and not the fuel to the clay. There was
abundance of wood in the Forest, and the clay may have come either
from the hills around or from Alderholt. The floors of the kilns were
made of heath stone — sand indurated with iron. That fact was
interesting, because in the course of the excavations which he had
made on the site of a Roman farm on Rockbourne Down, where some
Roman hypocausts had been found, he observed that the sides of the
flues were made entirely of this heath sandstone, which withstood fire
and burnt a wine-red. He had written to Mr. Engleheart, of Tisbury,
who had excavated at Andover, and asked him whether he had also
found this heath-stone used. Mr. Engleheart answered that in all the
hypocausts that he had unearthed he had found this heath-stone,
burnt a fine wine-colour. This heath-stone was found on all the hills
about there, but not at Andover or on the heath Itself. Probably it
was an article of export, just as this coarse and fine pottery was hawked
about the country. At Island's Thorn Mr. Bartlett dug up three
Roman coins, dating from 350 to 370 A.D., but the patterns on some
of the ornamented pottery had a distinct pre -Roman or late Celtic
character, which suggested that these potteries were a going concern
before the Romans came, and before they somewhat changed their
style of ornamentation. Much of the pottery found on the downs was
too soft to be hawked about ; but that made at Sloden was quite hard,
either black-grey or reddish ware, extremely well made and rather
harsh to the touch. Presumably these " spoil banks " were the place
where they threw away the unsatisfactorily-made pieces — the fiaschi.
At Sloden the pottery was all of one kind, for homely domestic purposes,
but at Island's Thorn there was considerable variety. The principal
type was of a rather thick, bone-coloured ware, on which lines and
zig-zags were painted in red. Then there was also a very hard grey
pottery with a purplish glaze, ornamented with indentations and
zig-zags ; and again one found a thinner reddish pottery with a glaze
apparently meant to imitate Samian — a better-class ware which came
from Gaul and which the Romans appreciated very much. The potters
in the Forest were not very successful in their imitation of it, and their
glaze always wore off.
Before leaving Island's Thorn, Captain Elwes was asked to
make a few comments on the flora of the neighbourhood.
He said that among the rarities was a very scarce wild
gladiolus, which was not improbably introduced by the
Romans ; the plant had disappeared for a time, but during
the last twenty years it had been found again. Another rare
plant was the ivy-leaved harebell, which occurred among
THE NEW FOREST.
moss in damp situations. Two varieties of Drosera, or sun
dew, were found there, as in Purbeck, and occasionally an
unusual form of Orchis maculata. Erica ciliaris did not
occur there.
The party then went to Mr. Sumner's house at Cuckoo Hill,
South Gorley, where they were welcomed by their host and
hostess and entertained at tea. Afterwards, Mr. Sumner
invited his guests to examine the original drawings of various
archaeological excavations, among which were the plans of a
Romano -British farmstead at Rockbourne Down recently
uncovered by him, and he also exhibited many interesting
objects from the same site. Three hypocausts had been
found, the arrangement of the flue in the bakehouse being of
a very unusual character.
The PRESIDENT then thanked Mr. Sumner for his valuable
assistance during the day and for his hospitality at South
Gorley.
At a business meeting which followed, a protest was
recorded against any alteration of the calendar, including
that proposed by the Illinois 'State Academy of Science.
Six candidates were elected by ballot, and one new nomination
was announced by the HON. SECRETARY.
MALMESBURY AND LACOCK. XXXV.
THIRD SUMMER MEETING.
MALMESBURY AND LACOCK.
Thursday and Friday, I4=th and I5th August.
The headquarters of the Club during this meeting were at
the Angel Hotel, Chippenham, a central point from which to
carry out the programme. The members, having assembled
at Malmesbury, placed themselves under the leadership of
their friend, Mr. E. Doran Webb, F.S.A., who had again con-
sented to act as guide during the two-days visit to Wiltshire.
On reaching the Benedictine Abbey Church the party was
met by the Vicar, Canon McMiLLAN, who greeted the visitors
with a few words of welcome.
Mr. DORAN WEBB then gave a short account of the history
of the town, the name of which was derived, as he thought,
from the Celtic and Saxon words " Mai dune beorg," or
Cross-hill-town .
The first Abbot of whom anything was definitely known
was Aldhelm, who received a grant of lands in A.D. 675 from
Eleutherius, Bishop of Sherborne, as stated in the chartulary
of Malmesbury. In 705 Aldhelm became Bishop of Sherborne,
and was succeeded at Malmesbury by a long line of Abbots,
who controlled the church and monastery until the Dissolu-
tion.
Turning to the exterior of the Abbey, now the Parish
Church, Mr. Webb remarked that this splendid relic of Twelfth
Century Romanesque architecture had originally a tower at
the Western end and a central tower at the crossing, sur-
mounted by a lofty spire of wood. Both of the towers fell
in the sixteenth century, the collapse of the Western one
destroying the three nearest bays of the nave. The West
screen front was afterwards rebuilt against the shortened
church. The portions in use to-day were the six remaining
bays of the nave, now walled up at the East end, and the
South porch. The Eastern limb, consisting of five bays, and
XXXVI. MALMESBURY AND LACOCK.
both of the transepts, have vanished, save two ruined arches
of the crossing and part of a transept wall.
The cloisters and monastic buildings stood on the North
side, such fragments as have survived being now incorporated
with the Abbey House, an Elizabethan dwelling.
The Norman porch on the South side, showing eight orders
on the outer arch and three on the inner, is the chief glory of
the Abbey. " We have," said Mr. Webb, " no other porch
equal to this in the whole country."
The interior of the church retains the Norman vaulting
of the nave and aisles,which, with the other early work, enables
the stranger to form a conception of the beauty of the structure
in its entirety. An altar tomb bearing the recumbent effigy
of a king, reputed to be ^Ethelstan, lies near the South-east
corner. This king granted to the townsmen of Malmesbury
in A.D. 937 six hundred acres of land in the neighbourhood,
and the rights so conferred in Saxon times are enjoyed by
some 240 holders of allotments at the present day.
After the Dissolution the Abbey was sold to one Master
Stumpe, a clothier, who set up his looms in the monastic
offices and even carried on his trade in parts of the church
itself. Nevertheless, it is to this Tudor clothier that we
mainly owe the preservation of the nave and its conversion
to the purposes of a parish church. The library of the monks
had contained manuscripts which would now be priceless,
but many of them, alas, were dipped in tallow and used by
Stumpe's weavers as a means of lighting them to and from
their work.
THE TOWN.
The belfry tower is the only surviving portion of the old
parish church of St. Paul, which was abandoned when the
Abbey was adapted to parochial uses ; this tower now serves
as a campanile for the monastic church.
The octagonal market cross has its stone vaulting intact,
and is a fine example of the Perpendicular masonry of the
sixteenth century.
I
MALMESBURY AND L ACOCK. XXX Vll.
The Club also inspected the quaint buildings known as
^Ethelstan's Almshouses. Almost adjoining is the Court
Hall, where the Trustees and Commoners meet on the second
Tuesday after Trinity to carry through the necessary formali-
ties in connection with ^Ethelstan's gift of lands.
Finally, Mr. Doran Webb led the party along the Town
Walls on the way to the Railway Station.
In the evening the members dined together at Chippenham,
and afterwards the Rev. F. W. WEAVER, F.S.A., delivered a
short address on the life of St. Aldhelm, with a reading from
the Saint's poems translated from the Latin by Mr. F. Bligh
Bond.
A business meeting was held, at which three candidates
were elected by ballot, Miss Woodhouse was appointed as
Corresponding Secretary of the Selborne Society's Plant
Protection Scheme, and a contribution was voted for the
excavations at Maumbury.
THE SECOND DAY, FRIDAY.
At nine o'clock the members started for the village and
Augustinian Abbey of Lacock, and were received at the
parish church of St. Cyriac by the Vicar, the Rev. W. H.
Ramsbottom.
Mr. DORAN WEBB, in the course of his description of the
church, said that it was practically rebuilt in the fifteenth
century, when the transepts were added. The beautiful
Lady Chapel, the latest of the structural work, had a fan-
tracery ceiling and considerable remains of original colouring.
A canopied tomb in the chapel commemorated Sir William
Sharington, who died in 1566, the first lay owner of the
neighbouring Abbey after the Dissolution. A double
hagioscope, one aperture giving a view of the high altar,
the other of the side altar, was a somewhat unusual feature.
Among the monuments was an excellent brass of Robert
Baynard and his numerous family, dated 1500. The
sacramental plate included a mediaeval silver chalice and
cover, which Mr. Webb believed to be the ciborium from the
XXXViii. MALMESBURY AND LACOCK.
conventual church, the only one now in use, as far as he
knew.
By the permission of Mr. C. H. Talbot the visitors then
explored some portions of Lacock Abbey, a thirteenth century
House for Augustinian nuns, the foundress of which was also
the first Abbess.
At the Dissolution the Abbey and its lands were sold to
Sir William Sharington, who pulled down the church and
transformed the conventual buildings into a private dwelling.
Thus was preserved one of the most perfect survivals of the
monastic period.
Sharington, a Court favourite of Henry VIII., had a
chequered career ; after his acquisition of Lacock he was
appointed in 1546 to be the head of the newly-constituted
mint at Bristol, a position which he occupied until the second
year of Edward VI., when he was dismissed in consequence
of malpractices at the mint under his control. He escaped
the death penalty awarded to his fellow-conspirator, Thomas,
Lord Seymour of Sudeley, and was eventually pardoned,
the estates being then restored to him. His initials W S
appear on the coins struck by him at Bristol, and it is a
curious fact that the same initials are to be seen upon his
tomb in St. Cyriac's Church and upon flooring tiles used by
him when altering the interior of the Abbey.
Although the conventual church is no longer in existence,
the ancient cloisters are almost untouched, and are now
incorporated with the more recent Tudor mansion. The
chapter house, sacristy, calefactory or day room, and under-
croft, all with vaulted roofs, tell of the former magnificence
of the establishment. The dormitory and the refectory also
remain, but have been divided internally.
Mr. Doran Webb, having completed his architectural and
historical narrative, led the way to Lacock village, where
he pointed out the " blind house," the Abbey barn, the
restored market cross, and several delightful houses in that
old-world spot.
STURMINSTER NEWTON. XXXIX.
FOURTH SUMMER MEETING.
STURMINSTER NEWTON.
Tuesday, 16th September.
About sixty members and their friends accompanied
Mr. N. M. Richardson, the President, and the Club was once
again indebted to Mr. E. Doran Webb for assistance during
the day.
The place of assembly was Sturminster Railway Station,
whence the party drove to the village of Hammoon, which
derives the latter portion of its name from the Mohuns of
Dunster ; other branches of this family were settled at Fleet
and at Bothenhampton during the sixteenth century.
On arriving at Hammoon the remnants of the mediaeval
village cross, consisting of the broached socket stone and a
section of the shaft, were first examined. Mr. W. Fisher
Crouch said that he had found the fragments in April last
in a ditch, and that they had since been placed on their
original site. Lord Port man had proposed to complete the
shaft, and so restore the cross. At the church the visitors
were received by the VICAR, the Rev. G. H. WYNNE. The
fabric of the building, although considerably altered from its
original condition, retains many points of interest. The
oldest surviving part is the thirteenth century chancel,
showing a slight inclination to the North, and there is a
three-light East window, which was regarded as a good
example of the same period. Canon MANSEL-PLEYDELL
said that before the restoration there was a Norman arch
between chancel and nave, but it had been removed
by an incumbent as being " very inconvenient." The
fifteenth century oak-ribbed roof of the nave was described
by Mr. Doran Webb as almost perfect. Other noteworthy
objects were the carved pulpit, bearing the date 1635, and an
Elizabethan holder for an hour glass. There is also the
xl. STURMINSTER NEWTON.
socket stone of what was probably the churchyard cross,
now converted into and used as a font.
The party then visited the Manor House, by permission
of Mr. Crouch. This Elizabethan dwelling, with a roof of
thatch and an ornate Jacobean porch, has been said to be
" the most picturesque of its kind," a description with which
the members were well content to agree.
IBBERTON.
A drive through Okeford Fitzpaine brought the Club to
Ibberton, where they were met by the RECTOR, the Rev.
L. S. PLOWMAN. The church, dedicated to St. Eustachius,
stands high on the slope of the downs, and is reached by a
flight of 47 steps. The Rector, in the course of his remarks,
said that the fifteenth century fabric was in a sorry state
before its restoration in 1900, being partially roofless and
used for marriages only. The windows contained several
pieces of stained glass of Tudor days, among which were
medallions displaying the royal Arms of Elizabeth with the
dragon of Wales as one of the supporters, the Arms of Milton
Abbey, and other armorial fragments attributed to painter-
stainers of the sixteenth century. There is also to be seen a
chained volume of Homilies, dated 1673. Below the
church rises a spring known as Stachy's Well, a local corruption
of the name of the patron saint ; the waters of this spring
now supply the town of Sturminster.
BELCHALWELL.
This church was subsequently visited under the guidance
of Mr. Plowman. The late -Norman doorway is an admirable
piece of work, with chevron and dog tooth ornamentation,
and the four gargoyles on the tower are also worthy of notice.
In the interior, the rood-loft doorway and staircase, the
hagioscope, and the panelled arch under the tower are the
more remarkable features.
STURMINSTER NEWTON. xli.
STURMINSTER NEWTON.
On returning to Sturminster, Canon MANSEL-PLEYDELL
first led the party to Castle Hill and related the traditions
concerning the Saxon stronghold, of which the only visible
remnant was the deep fosse. The Gothic arches and other
ruins of a building on the hill were of much later date.
Having inspected the ancient bridge over the Stour, the
members drove to the Vicarage, where they were hospitably
entertained by Canon and Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell.
At a business meeting three candidates for election were
nominated, after which an adjournment was made to the
parish church, where a short organ recital was given. The
VICAR then addressed the members on the history of the
church, saying that it was built by John Selwood, Abbot of
Glastonbury, in the fourteenth century. In 1827 Mr. Lane-
Fox pulled down and rebuilt portions of the structure,
excepting only the tower and the nave. As a memorial to
William Barnes, the original oak-ribbed roof had been skilfully
repaired and renewed, and a carved eagle-lectern provided
as part of the same scheme. The Dorset poet was born
within the parish, was baptized in the church, and received
his early education at Sturminster school. Before the meeting
dispersed, the PRESIDENT expressed the thanks of the Club
to their host and hostess, and to Mr. Doran Webb.
xlii. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
WINTER SESSION, 1913-14.
The first Winter Meeting of the Field Club was held at the
Museum in Dorchester on Tuesday, 9th December, 1913. The
President took the chair at 12.30, and among those present
were the Hon. Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer.
Captain Acland wrote to express his regret at being unable
to attend the meeting.
Four candidates for membership were then elected by
ballot, and the Rev. H. Pentin reported four additional
nominations.
Mr. ALFRED POPE read his report as the delegate of the
Field Club at the meetings of the British Association in
Birmingham, 10th-17th September, 1913—
The meeting was very largely attended, the official list including some
2,800 members and associates.
Sir Oliver Lodge, D.Sc., LL.D., and F.R.S., Principal of Birmingham
University, the President of the Association, delivered a learned and
interesting address on " Continuity."
The Conference of delegates was well attended, no less than 120
affiliated and associated Societes being represented at their first
meeting.
It was presided over by Dr. P. Chambers Mitchell, F.R.S., who gave
an address on " Utility and Selection." This was full of technicalities
and very careful study would be required to master its details. It was
decided after considerable discussion to hold next year's Conference
of Delegates at Havre, during the meeting in that town of the French
Association for the Advancement of Science ; Australia, where the
British Association holds its meeting next year being considered too far
distant for the Delegates to attend.
Various matters affecting affiliated societies were discussed at this
meeting, but as none of them appear to be of interest to our Club I do
not refer to them.
Of the sectional meetings I attended, perhaps the most interesting
was the Agricultural Section, presided over by Professor J. B. Wood,
M.A., who in his very able opening address referred to the yielding
capacity of cereals and how to combat the disease of Yellow Rust in
wheat, and to the dietary of animals with a view to the production of
the greatest weight of meat.
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. xliii.
Sir Richard A. Paget read a paper in which he put forward a sugges-
tion for a co-partnership in agriculture between landlord and tenant, on
somewhat novel lines, and to which he is giving a practical trial on his
own estates in Somerset and Wilts, the result of which should be looked
forward to with much interest. Other attractive papers were read in
this section, and on the whole strong opinions were expressed that
farming, under proper management, might in this country be made
to pay a good percentage on the capital invested.
On Saturday, Sept. 13th, excursions were made to various places of
interest in the Midlands. I had the honour of joining a party of some
100 members who visited the Roman Baths at Wall, near Lichfield,
the site of the Roman city of Letocetum, which had been
excavated during the summer of 1912 by the North Staffordshire Field
Club. The Photographs and Plan, which I secured on the site, and
which I have brought for your inspection, give a good idea of the extent
of these most interesting excavations.
A report was read from Mr. E. A. FRY and Mr. NIGEL BOND,
who had been appointed delegates to attend the Congress of
Archaeological Societies at Burlington House on the 26th
June, 1913. A printed report of the proceedings had been
circulated among the members of the Field Club. Mr. Fry
desired particularly to call attention to the " Index of Archa3o-
logical Papers," and he hoped that the Club would support
that most useful publication by purchasing copies.
The Rev. A. C. ALMACK gave notice that at the February
meeting he would bring forward a motion that the Field Club
should consider the possibility of compiling a record of archi-
tectural and other losses suffered by the Churches in the county
since 1840 or thereabouts, and that a sub-committee should
be appointed to take the matter into consideration.
Canon FLETCHER had promised to support the resolution.
It was decided to make a contribution towards a memorial
to the late Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, which would take the
form of a portrait for presentation to the Royal Society, and,
if funds permitted, of other memorials. The PRESIDENT
also proposed that the next volume of the Proceedings
should include a memoir of Dr. Wallace, who had been an
honorary, and in earlier years, an ordinary member of the
Field Club.
xliv. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
EXHIBITS.
By Mr. N. M. RICHARDSON, (1) iron filigree earrings
believed to be reproductions in iron of jewellery which was
given to the State by Prussian ladies during the Napoleonic
wars, 1813-15 ; (2) an Elizabethan stoneware jug with con-
temporary pewter mountings which were very unusual in
that metal, as silver was almost always employed. Also
an unmounted specimen of similar ware ; (3) an iron
cross 12 inches long recently found at Sandsfoot Castle,
and which was believed to be a cross used to mark a
grave. This was lent for exhibition by the Corporation of
Wey mouth.
By Mr. HENRY SYMONDS, (1) photographs of a Late Bronze
Age sepulchral urn of an unusual type, recently found at
Puncknowle. This type, which formed a transition between
the food vessel and the cinerary urn, was not represented in
the Dorchester Museum, and it had been possible to arrange
that the specimen should be added to the Museum's collection.
(2) a parchment deed written in Norman French and dated
1302 with the heraldic seal of the Daumarle (or Damarell)
family, who were connected with the Courtneys ; (3) a
" touchpiece " in copper, struck at the Tower mint during
the reign of Charles I., and used at the ceremony of touching
those afflicted with the King's evil.
By Dr. H. COLLEY MARCH, two fragments of coal, from his
own cellar, showing the bulb of percussion and conchoidal
fracture on one side and the dorsal ridge on the other side,
exactly similar in result to the handiwork of the flint-
knapper.
By Mr. ALFRED POPE, an Indian charm engraved upon a
hard black stone and mounted in silver.
By Canon FLETCHER and the Rev. H. PENTIN, various
chains and one volume to illustrate the paper by the first-
named on Chained Books.
By Mrs. T. A. PEARCE, (1) a fine axe of jade from New
Zealand ; (2) a pair of old Dutch engravings.
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. xlv.
PAPERS.
The PRESIDENT read a paper by the Rev. 0. Pickard-
Cambridge on " The Relics left by Philip and Joan of Castile
in 1506 and preserved in the writer's family," which is printed
in this volume.
The Rev. CANON FLETCHER read a paper on " Chained
Books," to which Mr. PENTIN added some notes on the
chained library at Milton Abbey Church ; this will also be
found in the following pages.
The meeting concluded with the reading of a paper on
" Sandsfoot and Portland Castles," by Mr. HENRY SYMONDS,
also printed in the present volume.
xlvi. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
SECOND WINTER MEETING.
Tuesday, 3rd February, 1914.
The President took the chair at the County Museum,
Dorchester. There was a large attendance of the members of
the Field Club, including the Rev. H. Pentin, Canon Mansel-
Pleydell, and Lord Eustace Cecil, a past President.
The first business was the election by ballot of four candi-
dates for membership who had been proposed at the last
meeting, and the HON. SECRETARY subsequently announced
six further nominations.
Owing to the unusually large number of papers which were
to be read on this occasion the Executive had not invited any
exhibits.
Dr. COLLEY MARCH called attention to the desirability of a
further investigation of the trench at Dewlish containing the
remains of Elephas Meridionalis, which had been explored by
their first President, Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell (cf. Proceed-
ings vol. x., p. 1, and vol. xiv., p. 139), and by other Dorset
men, since its discovery one hundred years ago. Dr. March
had been informed that the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia
intended to turn their attention to this notable trench, and he
thought that a Dorset treasure of such importance should be
explored under the auspices of the Field Club. A discussion
of the subject followed, in the course of which Captain ACLAND
proposed and Canon MANSEL-PLEYDELL seconded a resolution
in these terms : —
"That the Chairman (Dr. H. Colley Marsh, F.S.A.) and the Hon
Secretary (Mr. Chas. S. Prideaux) of the Earthworks Committee be
authorised to obtain the aid of any experts or enthusiasts, whether they
belong to this club or not, in order to carry out, with the kind permission
of the landowner and tenant, a thorough scientific exploration of the
Dewlish elephant trench, and to gather the requisite financial means
for that purpose."
This was approved nem. con.
THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. xlvii.
In accordance with notice previously given, the Rev. A. C.
ALMACK moved a resolution dealing with church restorations,
which ran as follows : —
" That the Dorset Field Club take into consideration the possibility
of compiling a record of all the important architectural and other
features which have been lost by churches in the county owing to
reconstruction or alteration since 1840 or thereabouts, and that a
sectional committee be appointed to take such matters into consider-
ation and to report at an early date."
In the absence of Canon Fletcher, the motion was seconded
by Canon MANSEL-PLEYDELL, who remarked that his duties
as rural dean brought under his notice a lamentable amount of
demolition of ancient features under the guise of church
restoration. Considerable discussion ensued, the HON. SECRE-
TARY being of opinion that the work should be done through
the rural deans, but eventually the proposal was adopted.
The HON. SECRETARY then reported the receipt of printed
matter inviting support of the Society for Promoting Nature
Reserves in this country. Sir DANIEL MORRIS briefly explain-
ed the object of the founders of the society, which was to acquire
land in desirable localities and to preserve it carefully as a
refuge for plants, animals, and birds.
i
PAPERS.
The PRESIDENT described a testamentary inventory of the
contents of a yeoman's house at Woodcotte, in the parish of
Handley, in the year 1627. Mr. Richardson also produced
the original parchment roll, measuring 45 inches in length, and
commented on many obsolete words which occurred in the
list of goods and chattels.
Mr. E. A. RAWLENCE read a paper on the Folklore and Super-
stitions which still survived in North Dorset.
Mr. AUBREY EDWARDS read a paper on the night-soaring of
the Swifts.
Mr. W. DE C. PRIDEAUX contributed a further instalment of
his series of " Dorset Brasses," and illustrated his address with
a number of fine rubbings.
xlviii. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
Captain J. E. ACLAND described the hand-made button
industry which was carried on in the eastern part of the county
during the eighteenth century and later. This home industry
had been happily revived during recent years.
The Rev. O. PICKARD -CAMBRIDGE had written a paper on
" New and rare Arachnida noted in 1913," which was read on
his behalf by the President.
The Rev. E. F. LINTON, of Edmondsham, contributed the
first part of a paper on the Fungi of East Dorset. Sir DANIEL
MORRIS, as a brother botanist, thanked Mr. Linton for his
researches and said that he had promised a botanical paper
to the Congress of Scientific Societies which would meet at
Bournemouth in June next.
The foregoing papers will be printed in the present volume.
Mr. W. Neville Sturt had prepared an article on " The com-
mercial daybook (1713-18) of John Richards, of Warmwell,"
but it was postponed to the next indoor meeting, as the writer
was absent in Germany.
THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. xlix.
ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING.
Tuesday, 12th May, 1914.
This meeting was held at the Dorset County Museum, the
President, Mr. Nelson M. Richardson, being in the chair.
Among those present were the Rev. Herbert Pentin, Canon
Mansel-Pleydell, Captain Elwes, Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A.,
and Captain J. E. Acland, F.S.A. Six candidates who had
been proposed for membership on 3rd February were duly
elected by ballot, and the Hon. Secretary read the nominations
of four additional candidates.
The PRESIDENT then delivered his anniversary address, the
tenth since his first election to the chair. The address will
be found in the pages following this report.
Captain ACLAND proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Richardson
for his masterly summary of scientific research during the
preceding year, and said that these addresses would in the
future be regarded as important mile -stones marking the
advance of knowledge.
Colonel MAIN WARING seconded the resolution.
Mr. ALFRED POPE, in supporting the vote of thanks, paid a
tribute to the versatility of the President's attainments.
Mr. Pope added that the valla of Maiden Castle, which had
suffered so much from rabbits, had been repaired and re turfed
by direction of the Inspector of Ancient Monuments, and were
then in excellent condition.
Captain ELWES also supported the resolution, which was
carried with acclamation, and the PRESIDENT expressed his
thanks.
The HON. SECRETARY read his report for the year 1913, which
was as follows : —
There is little to report this year. The membership of the Club has
reached the maximum number — 400. The Summer meetings in 1913
were well attended and there is a balance in hand of £6 7s. 5d. on my
1. THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING.
account, so that the reduced levy of Is. 6d. per diem for incidental expen
expenses will be maintained during this summer. The winter meetings
were unusually well attended, the meeting in February being one of
the largest for many years. My accounts for the summer meetings lie
on the table together with the vouchers pertaining thereto. — HERBERT
PENTIN, Hon. Seen
Mr. Pen tin's statement of account is printed on a subsequent
page.
The HON. TREASURER, Canon Mansel-Pleydell, then presented
an audited account of the receipts and expenditure during
1913, and explained that the re -arrangement of the Field
Club's year had caused temporary anxieties owing to the
fact that the cost of two volumes of Proceedings, instead of
one, had to be paid out of current revenue. He expressed the
opinion that the Club ought to have a room in which their
books, reserve volumes, and documents could be kept.
The accounts were adopted, the Treasurer being thanked
for his services and congratulated on the success which had
attended his control of the finances through a difficult period.
The statement of accounts will be found on a later page.
A report by the HON. EDITOR was next read. Mr. Symonds
furnished a list of the papers, &c., which would be included
in the forthcoming volume of Proceedings for 1914, and stated
that the Field Club were indebted to Canon J. M. J. Fletcher
and to the Maumbury Excavation Committee for having
kindly provided the respective blocks and plates which would
illustrate the article on Chained Books and the report on the
work at Maumbury.
A report by Mr. C. J. Cornish-Browne, director of the
photographic survey, was read by the HON. SECRETARY. The
only contribution to the collection had been fifty prints from
the director himself, who did not desire re-election as he was
leaving the neighbourhood shortly. Mr. Cornish-Browne
was thanked for his valuable assistance in making the survey,
and the hope was expressed that he would still be able to add
some prints from time to time. Dr. E. K. Le Fleming was
appointed director, subject to his consent to serve.
THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. 11.
Captain ACLAND read the following notes dealing with the
chief additions, during 1913, to the Museum under his care : —
It is with much pleasure that I avail myself of this opportunity of
describing to the members of the Field Club some of the principal
recent acquisitions by the County Museum.
There have been several interesting additions to the prehistoric
collections, and perhaps the most remarkable is a cinerary urn, found at
Puncknoll in the year 1908. A photograph of this urn was shewn at a
recent meeting of the Field Club by Mr. Henry Symonds, through whose
kind efforts, in connection with Mr. W. G. Cornick of Bridport, it has
now come to the Museum. The British Museum does not possess a
specimen of this type, nor is one shewn in Mr. John Abercromby's
great work on Bronze Age pottery, which contains over 1,600 illustra-
tions. It was found under the foundation of an old building apparently
a " Watch-tower," which had been erected on a mound, possibly a
barrow. The urn was said to be protected by 4 stones standing on
edge and another placed upon the top.
A second valuable acquisition of the same class, from Mr. Pike, of
King Barrow, Wareham, is a fine cinerary urn discovered in a cist cut
in the chalk under a barrow at East Down House, about 2 miles S.E.
of Winterbourne Clenston, and 3£ miles from Blandford. It is equal
in size to the largest urn in the Museum, 22 inches high, 17 inches
diam. at the top. It is of the well known Dorset " flowerpot " shape,
and is practically identical with one we already have from the same
locality ; we could almost imagine in fact that they had been made
at the same time, and by the same hand. This collection has also been
increased by a gift from Mrs. Hall, of Osmington, of 3 small urns, or
" food vessels," in good contition, part (probably) of Mr. C. L. Hall's
original collection. She sent at the same time 8 Roman black ware
vessels ; 2 broken Roman fluted cups, and other fragments. Some of
these are dated 1839 and 1840.
Among other relics of the Roman period, we have acquired a good
flue tile and a portion of an Antefix, from Miss Oliver, of Preston ; a
loom weight, 7£ Ibs., found in Dorchester, and formerly in my own
possession ; and several objects of Kimmeridge shale from the clay pits
near Wareham, given by Mr. Pike. He states that a very large number
of much the same shape and workmanship are found together, such as
roughly cut rings, and disks, which leads him to think they were
brought there and used for some purpose connected with the pottery
works. They are not turned on a lathe like the waste cores of
armlets, but roughly chipped with a chisel.
More than 100 Roman bronze coins have been given by Mrs. W.
Mansel, from Puncknoll. They were found in that parish, and it
Hi. THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING.
appears most probable that they are the so called " hoard " mentioned
by Hutchins, Vol. II., p. 769 ; they have been examined by Mr. Henry
Symonds, who informs me that 95 are " 3rd Brass " pieces of the two
emperors Victorinus, who died 267 A.D., and Postumus, d. 268 A.D. ;
they certainly have a most remarkable similarity in condition and
appearance.
Mr. T. H. R. Winwood has given us a very small but prettily worked
flint scraper, less than 1 inch long ; also a small flint rubber, or mulling
stone. We have purchased a " Neolithic grinding stone," so named by
the authorities at the British Museum ; it has two well shaped hollows
for holding with the thumb and finger. It was found near Lulworth.
The principal objects of interest found during the excavation at Maum-
bury in 1913 are now in the Museum ; they do not throw any fresh light
on the history of the site.
The Rev. H. Pentin has very kindly sent us two encaustic tiles from
Milton Abbey, one of them shewing (as he informs me) the coat of arms
of the family of Clare ; and from Cerne Abbey, we have also some very
interesting specimens ; he also sent 3 " Friendly Society Staves," one
bearing the name J. Butt. Occasionally such staves have fine orna-
mental brass tops, and if any member of the Field Club could assist us
to obtain some for the County Museum they would make a valuable
addition to our collection of " By-gones," which has received recently
an example of shoes worn by oxen when ploughing, and other trifles.
As a loan from Colonel Pinney we have a handsome shako worn by the
Dorset Yeomanry about the year 1838, and from Captain Daniell, R.N.,
specimens of iron round shot, in halves, found near Netherbury.
The Library has been enriched by a considerable number of books,
dealing with a variety of subjects, of which I will only mention two of
special interest to us " Do 'set volk." The Bishop of Durham gives a
charming little publication " Memorials of a Vicarage," being recollec-
tions of his early years in Fordington, 1829 onwards, a truly excellent
example of what home life should be. The other comes from Miss
Coombes, viz., " Unpublished Poems," by Rev. W. Barnes, published
in 1870, at the School, Winterborne Monkton ; also " Song of Solomon "
rendered in the Dorset dialect, dated 1859 ; on the title page is written
in M.S.," Privately printed by Prince Lucien Bonaparte, only 250 copies
struck off." He visited Dorchester in 1859 to meet our Dorset poet,
being an eager student of local dialects, and it was at his suggestion
that Mr. Barnes undertook this somewhat remarkable paraphrase.
In " Leader Scott's " life of her father (p. 183) it is stated that the
Prince was a good linguist, and devoted many years to a comparative
study of local dialects. The subject he chose for comparison was " The
Song of Solomon, " which he had translated into scores of different
dialects.
THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. liii.
The PEESIDENT said that they were much indebted to Captain
Acland for his interesting notes and for his help to the Field
Club on many .occasions. Mr. ALFRED POPE remarked that he
would like to see the two organisations, the Club and the
Museum, draw still closer together, just as the Somerset
Archaeological Society and the Museum at Taunton formed
one body.
Mr. C. S. PRIDEAUX, as secretary of the Earthworks
Sectional Committee, reported that
Since the last annual meeting of the club your committee has met
twice. It was decided to deal with single parishes in succession by each
two members of the committee of ten, in order if possible to survey five
parishes each year. The Field Club has supplied the necessary Gin.
Ordnance maps, which are therefore the property of the club, and will
be sent to the secretary when the survey is completed. We are glad
to report that a considerable amount of useful work has been done. But
at the present rate of progress it will be 50 years at least before the
whole county will be finished. We therefore want more help, and shall
be glad of volunteers. It has been decided to discontinue the excava-
tions at Maumbury Rings at present ; but the Dewlish Elephant Trench
will be further explored in June, a special search being made for possible
traces of early man — and, judging from the large amount of corres-
pondence received, we hope to see many visitors at Dewlish. The
committee trust that members of this club will not only use their
personal influence in preventing the destruction of earthworks, &c.,
but also report all such cases.
The corresponding secretary of the Numismatic Sectional
Committee, Mr. HENRY SYMONDS, mentioned that the one
find brought under his notice had occurred in the summer
of 1913 at an excavation near the southern end of South
Street, Dorchester, where a few third-brass coins of the
Constantinian period came to light. The County Museum
had received the undistributed portion of the Roman coins
found at Puncknoll about 1850, which had been already
referred to in the Curator's notes (supra).
The PRESIDENT announced that the Cecil medal and prize
for the years 1913-14 had been awarded to Mr. George Nicolson,
of Stavordale Road, Weymouth, for his essay on " The
Hv. THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING.
utilization of natural forces for the economical production of
electricity for lighting, heating, and domestic purposes, having
special reference to Dorset and the neighbouring counties."
Captain ELWES, as one of the trustees, presented the medal and
prize to Mr. Nicolson, and stated in the course of his speech
that they would in future be offered biennially instead of
annually, the Cecil medal and the Mansel-Pleydell medal
being awarded in alternate years. The respective prizes
would be increased from £5 to £10 each. (The Mansel-Pleydell
medal was not awarded this year.)
Mr. C. S. Prideaux exhibited a framed enlargement of a
photograph of Maiden Castle, by Mr. W. Pouncy. On the
motion of Mr. RICHARD BARROW it was resolved to buy the
picture and present it to the Museum as a token of the Field
Club's appreciation of the kindness always shown to them.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.
Mr. Nelson M. Richardson was re-elected as President, on
the proposition of Captain ELWES, which was seconded by
Canon FLETCHER.
The PRESIDENT nominated the Vice-Presidents of the
previous year, and they were re-elected.
The Rev. Herbert Pentin was re-elected as honorary
secretary ; he named Mr. H. Pouncy as assistant secretary.
Canon J. C. M. Mansel-Pleydell was re-elected as honorary
treasurer. In accepting the office he again mentioned the
need of increased accommodation for the Club's library,
whereupon Mr. Pope offered to give a large bookcase, which
was gratefully accepted by his fellow members.
Mr. Henry Symonds was re-elected as honorary editor.
The respective committees dealing with the Photographic
Survey, Earthworks, and Numismatics were then appointed ;
a list of the names will be found on another page.
A sectional committee, proposed by the Rev. A. C. Almack,
for obtaining information as to objects of interest lost during
church restorations, was also set on foot.
THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. lv.
Mr. Alfred Pope undertook to represent the Field Club at
the meetings of the corresponding societies of the British
Association.
Messrs. E. A. Fry and Nigel Bond were re-appointed as
delegates at the congress of Archaeological Societies in union
with the Society of Antiquaries of London.
Lastly, the members voted as to the places where meetings
should be held during the ensuing summer. The choice fell
upon Dewlish, Edington (Wilts), Lyme Regis (two days), and
Chris tchurch.
Ivi.
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Ivii.
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By NELSON MOORE RICHARDSON, Esq., B.A.
(Read May 12th, 1914.)
OBITUARY.
|F those who have been taken from us during the
past twelve months I regret to say that I
have again a long list to record, including
two of the few Original Members of the Club
who remained to us, Rev. Canon Ravenhill
and Mr. George Galpin, both of whom were
frequently at our meetings and will be
greatly missed by those who have known
them for many years. When Canon Ravenhill was Vicar of
Buckland Newton, as he was for 47 years, nothing delighted
him more than to get the Field Club to visit his district
under his guidance and partake of his hospitality, so that
the older Members are indebted to him for much of their
personal knowledge of Central Dorset. Several papers by
him, chiefly on family history, will be found in our Proceed-
ings. His kindness of heart was well known, and may be
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. lix.
illustrated by a small incident which comes to my mind.
In his latter years, when he was rather infirm, he was our
host at a Central Dorset Meeting, and a lady complained
much of the steepness of a hill up which we were all walking.
Canon Ravenhill immediately, though apparently much the
less active of the two, offered her his arm and escorted her
to the top, doubtless with considerable exertion. During
his last years in Dorchester he was rarely absent from our
indoor meetings. Mr. Galpin always took a great interest
in the Club, especially in the Natural History side of it, and
has aided it in other ways, though he contributed no papers.
He was one of those intelligent and appreciative Members
who are always welcome. Another old Member whose loss
I regret is Mr. E. W. Young, Editor of the Dorset County
Chronicle, who joined us in 1893, and to whom we are indebted
for much kind and patient work in connection with our
Proceedings, in addition to the Index to the Volumes which
he compiled for many years and the help he afforded in its
early days to the Photographic Survey. Probably no one
who has not edited our Proceedings is aware of the amount
of work and often worry, not to mention correspondence,
entailed, of course, chiefly on the Honorary Editor, but also
in a minor degree on those who are responsible for the printing
and publishing of the Volume. During the nine years that
I edited the Volume, I always found Mr. Young most ready
to help in any difficulty, and I feel that our thanks are partly
due to him for the fine series of Proceedings that we have
upon our shelves. Mr. Frederick J. Barnes, who became a
Member in 1903, was interested in Natural History and
Geology, and has contributed papers to our Proceedings.
He also made use of his position as a quarry owner at Portland
to preserve anything that he met with of rarity or interest,
and many valuable specimens have been thereby saved
which would otherwise probably have been neglected or
destroyed. I regard this as one of the objects for which
our Club exists. Mr. Jem Feacey, who joined the Club in
1905, will be specially remembered amongst us as the winner
Ix. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
of the Mansel-Pleydell Medal in 1908 for an excellent
architectural essay. He has on more than one occasion
given valuable professional help gratuitously in connection
with the Field Club and Museum. Mr. Henry Duke joined
at the same time, and those who were present at the Lulworth
Castle Meeting in 1906 will remember how much the Club
was indebted to him on that occasion for his help and informa-
tion. I regret also to have to record the loss of Captain
Edward W. Williams, who was elected in 1892, and of a more
recent Member, Rev. P. B. Wingate, elected in 1910.
Of our Honorary Members, a most distinguished man,
Alfred Russel Wallace, who was for some years after he
came to live in Dorset an Ordinary Member of our Club,
and was elected an Honorary Member in 1909, has passed
from amongst us. His life and work have been so fully set
forth in so many scientific and other publications, and also
in a short memoir by our Vice -President, Mr. E. R. Sykes,
which will be printed in the same Volume of Proceedings as
this Address, that I do not propose to enter into it here.
I will only add that we mourn his loss in common with
scientists all over the world, and feel that our Club has been
honoured by his connection with it.
ZOOLOGY.
In spite of the considerable agitation which has taken place
with regard to the spreading of disease by flies, I believe
that there is still little, if any, definite evidence that this is
the case in this country, though doubtless germs have been
found on the feet and bodies of flies. I refer to the mechanical
spreading caused by the germs becoming attached to the
flies through their resting on them, and being conveyed to
another person in this way. In regard to the other method
in which the germ lives inside the fly, and the patient is
infected by the fly's bite as in malaria, the evidence as regards
this country is extremely small, and infection in this way is
not much more than suspected. I think that a little more
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixi.
certainty should be arrived at before we commence the
violent crusades against flies which have been advocated.
I am not now speaking of other countries which may be less
fortunate. Our ignorance is well exemplified by the fact
that it is not yet known whether the common housefly
hibernates in the perfect state or not. And may I here allude
to the fact that the common housefly cannot bite, and that
it is only comparatively few flies that have a biting or rather
piercing apparatus, or ever use it on human beings ? But
an interesting association of non -biting flies with biting ones
has been lately noted in India. The former attend on the
latter and benefit by sucking up blood which the biting flies
have drawn from the animal after or even before the latter
have finished their meal. I am not aware that this has been
observed in England. Again, if flies were responsible to
any appreciable extent for the mechanical conveyance of
disease germs, how could cows and other animals ever be
free from all the available diseases, considering the swarms
of flies that are always on them, piercing their skin and devoting
special attention to any raw part. I cannot say, of course,
that such infection never occurs ; but it seems to me that
it must be most exceptional. The conveyance of germs,
especially those of tuberculosis in milk, seems still to be a
matter of some uncertainty, and as raw milk is stated to be
undoubtedly better for the general health and strength of
babies than sterilised milk it has been lately urged in
authoritative quarters that it should be used, the risk of
infection, if any, being at all events very small. The
sterilising doubtless kills the milk as well as the germs. In
the same way, in experiments on the subject of spontaneous
generation of life, the substances experimented with have
first to be sterilised to kill all germs, and if such a thing as
spontaneous generation does exist, of which I believe there
is absolutely no reliable evidence, the sterilising would
probably destroy any latent tendencies existing in the
substance dealt with, and prevent its manifestation. The
causes of the abundance or scarcity of any species of insect
Ixii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
in different seasons are generally very obscure, which gives
importance to observations in the Lake district proving that
the numbers of a sawfly destructive to larch were immensely
reduced on two occasions by sudden increases in three
parasites hitherto almost or quite unknown. This supports
the method, sometimes successfully carried out, of introduc-
ing suitable parasites to a district subjected to any pests.
The most effective device for destroying locusts in the Sudan
is said to be the sprinkling of poison mixed with treacle on
the herbage, which would, however, one would think, be
most dangerous to animals. One of the most cleverly worked
out histories of the habits of insects is that on the courtship
of the Empid flies, lately published by Mr. Hamm. These
flies, of which there are numerous species, have a long proboscis
with which they transfix other insects and suck their juices.
When a male approaches a female he brings with him an
offering, which varies in different groups. In one it is an
insect, which is received by the female, which sucks it during
pairing. In another group a stamen or other fragment of a
flower or insect is offered, with which the female merely plays.
In another the male spins a cocoon round some small body,
which cocoon is accepted by the female. There are many
other details of these unique proceedings, into which space
will not permit me to enter here. A great deal has been
spoken and written lately on bird protection, and some
countries, as the U.S.A., have made laws affecting the welfare
not only of their own birds, but of those of other countries,
by prohibiting the importation of the skins of plumage birds,
and I believe that England is likely to follow their example.
In the case of species that are recklessly destroyed or
threatened with extermination, I think such drastic measures
are justified and desirable if, as seems probable, it is difficult
or impossible to enforce protective laws in the countries
where the birds live. As far as I know, most of these fine
plumaged birds are harmless, and some of them perhaps
useful to man. But if ladies are chiefly responsible for the
slaughter of these beautiful birds, men on the other hand
Ixiii.
have, for a still more transitory amusement, brought to the
verge of extinction many interesting animals, and to preserve
these for the world there would seem to be no resource except
strict game laws in the countries inhabited by the animals,
which have been in some cases instituted. In both cases
they are killing the goose that lays the golden eggs, for whether
by laws or extermination the future enjoyment of these
things will be limited. To turn to the brighter side, I have
to record a bird new to our fauna (Phylloscopus fuscalus], the
Dusky Warbler, which fortunately does not sound very
attractive for hats — a specimen of which was captured in
the Orkneys. Its usual habitat is the Eastern parts of Asia.
The placing of numbered rings on birds' legs has produced
two remarkable results, a swallow ringed in Ayrshire in July,
1912, having been captured in Orange River Colony on
March 16th, 1913, and another ringed in Staffordshire having
been taken in Natal in December. What can be the object
of this immense journey ! Records of this sort are accumulat-
ing and add greatly to our knowledge of migration, which
was very speculative. To pass on to the mammalia it was
stated many years ago by a high authority that the black
buck living on a certain spit of sand in Orissa never drank
water. A nearly similar case has now been pointed out in
regard to a herd of gazelles living on a small island in
Somaliland, where the annual rainfall is less than 3in. and
pools of water are only to be found for a few days, even after
a heavy shower. Doubtless this is made up for by succulent
plants. The United States Government has provided a
further tract of 15,000 acres for the encouragement of
bison, which are increasing, and now number about 3000, a
mere nothing compared to the former countless herds, but
far better than the complete extinction which would have
ensued had they not been preserved. More than 50 bird
reservations have been established of late years in the United
States, including the well-known pelican rookery in Florida.
A recent interesting method of observing wild animals is by
putting down attractive baits in the neighbourhood of self-
Ixiv. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
acting cameras, which are at intervals illuminated by flash-
light. The animals after a time are stated to take but little
notice of the light, which it is suggested that they may regard
as a form of lightning. It would be most exciting if these
photographs were to reveal one of the unknown large animals
which there is reason to believe still exist in the interior of
Africa. Of four at least there are more or less graphic descrip-
tions from eye-witnesses, both European and native ; but
more than a passing sight has hitherto been wanting. The
9th Zoological Congress was held in March, 1913, at Monaco,
where the Prince has founded an Oceanographical Museum
for all matters connected with the ocean. Amongst other
collections there is one of well-preserved deep-sea fishes,
with, in each case, the original painting of the fish made
immediately after capture. A new species of deep sea fish
was described which was obtained from a depth of 6,035
metres — a greater depth than any at which a fish had been
previously recorded. It will interest the members of the
Dorset Field Club to know that one of their body, Lord
Walsingham, represented Great Britain at the Congress. A
young gorilla has been living in the Dublin Zoological
Gardens since January. This species is a rarity in British
Zoological Gardens, and it is believed that there is at present
only one on the Continent, namely at Stuttgart, where it
has lived for several years.
BOTANY AND AGRICULTURE.
The Botanical Section of the British Association was last
year presided over by a lady, who gave a learned address on
the subject of botanical embryology, to which I must refer
those who wish to investigate the subject. Amongst the
papers read in this Section, the one that seems most suitable
for mention here is on the subject of Suceda fruticosa (shrubby
sea blite) which the author considers the most effective
stabiliser of all British shingle plants. This plant, a small
shrub with narrow fleshy leaves, is common on the Chesil
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixv.
Beach, but does not grow upon the seaside, but on the shore
of the Fleet backwater and on the Weymouth side of the parts
of the beach between the Ferry Bridge and Portland, so
that it has not here the opportunity of doing much towards
stabilising or preventing movement of the shingle. I should
myself have thought that, of the Chesil Beach plants, Atriplex
portulacoides, growing as it does in large flat masses, would
have had more effect than Suceda, but I am not acquainted
with this plant elsewhere. The sterilising of soil is now carried
on by many plant growers, and enables the same soil to be
used over again for potting or otherwise, after being either
heated or treated with an antiseptic. It is also said to greatly
increase the productiveness of the soil. Those organisms
which are harmful to the beneficial ammonia-producing
bacilli are wholly or partially killed, whilst the bacilli, which
I presume are mostly killed too, seem to return and thrive
all the more until their enemies again increase, which takes a
much longer period. Experiments on the growth of the hop
shew that this is greatest from 3.0 p.m. to 9.0 p.m. and least
from 9.0 p.m. to 3.0 a.m., the converse having been believed
to be the case by the Kent growers. Attention is called to the
action of seed-eating birds as weed dispersers, through so many
seeds passing through them uninjured. I can confirm this in
my own garden, specially as regards the bramble, seedlings of
which appear yearly in great numbers under trees in which
birds are much in the habit of sitting or roosting. Other
weeds away from their parent plants are doubtless frequently
due to this cause where the seeds have no special arrangement
like dandelions for being carried by wind. Steps are being
taken to extend the growth of flax, for which this country is
suitable and which is much more valuable than some years
ago. British tobacco on the other hand does not seem to
find much favour, its quality at one large show being ex-
pressively demonstrated in the remark that it was very
suitable for fumigation ! Probably, however, it would be
very dependent on our variable seasons. A National Botanic
Garden has been established at Cape Town, and a very suitable
Ixvl. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
site obtained with a considerable variety of ground, so that
it is hoped that most of the South African plants can be
successfully cultivated. The identification of different kinds
of wood is an exceedingly difficult matter, except in a few
cases, which fact I am led to allude to by the publication of a
book on the Cabinet Timbers of Australia, which are said
to be, as I have before understood, very beautiful and varied.
More than 60 species are illustrated by colour photography,
it is stated with great success. The recent issue of a book
on Herbals, which ought to commend itself to both sides
of our Club, causes me to remind you of a book much more
closely connected with us, written by the Hon. Mrs. Evelyn
Cecil, " A History of Gardening in England," which contains
an immense amount of reliable and pleasantly-written infor-
mation about these entertaining old books, as well as much
else besides. We shall always remember her kindness and
botanical lore on the occasion of our visit to Lytchett Heath
in 1907.
GEOLOGY.
The last suggestion for calculating the age of the earth is
the measurement of the amount of meteoric dust contained
in the rocks, basing this on the amount of nickel. It is
calculated that the earth gains 20,000 grams (about 451bs.)
of cosmically derived nickel per square kilometre per annum,
which sounds an improbably large amount, as it means some-
thing like 1 grain per annum on each 3 square yards, but the
actual calculation of the earth's age requires more data than
are at present available. The calculation based on the in-
crease in the proportion of lead to uranium in rocks as time
goes on, the uranium changing slowly into lead, gives a very
early date for the earliest sedimentary rocks of 1,300,000,000
years ago, about 4 times as much as some other methods.
The observation of earthquakes, if the deductions may be
relied upon, tends to throw light upon the constitution of the
earth's interior. Earthquake waves from different distances
travelling in a direct line to any observatory necessarily
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixvii.
reach different depths below the surface, and notes on the
quality and rates of motion of such waves would seem to
show that a change in the nature of the earth's crust occurs
at a depth of about 10 miles, with some indications of further
changes at about 50 and 100 miles. But a still more definite
change is noted at a depth of about 2,400 miles or rather more
than half way to the centre, which suggests a greater fluidity
of the substance below that point. At present we have no
means of confirming this, and can only await further discover-
ies. It is known to at least some of our members that an
attempt has been made for a number of years to ascertain
whether any movement was still going on between the two
sides of the great Ridge way fault, but practically none has
been detected. It is known that such movements are some-
times caused by earthquakes, and have amounted to as much
as 4 yards or so in a single earthquake. I am speaking,
however, of such violent earthquakes as this country happily
does not experience, such as the Calif ornian earthquake of
1906. A severe earthquake occurred in Peru on Nov. 7
last, and there have been several in Panama, but the canal
has fortunately escaped injury. A dreadful eruption took
place last January in the volcanic island of Sakurajami, 3743
feet high, with 3 apparently extinct craters. Beginning
with loud rumblings and earthquake shocks and columns of
steam and dust, 3 fissures opened, and a violent eruption took
place, accompanied by earthquakes, a seismic wave, volcanic
dust, streams of lava, and the blowing out of the side of the
volcano. Immense damage was done, with much loss of life.
This volcano had been at rest for 134 years, and tradition
says that that eruption in 1779 was the first of importance
since the formation of the volcano in A.D. 796. I should here
mention the fact (though it might more properly belong to the
Engineering section) that the crater of Vesuvius has been
descended, and kinematographs taken showing the small erup-
tions in progress. Hot springs and evidences of recent volcanic
action have been discovered in Spitzbergen. The travertine
b'asins formed round the springs contain a species of Chara
Ixviii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
and a moss and 12 species of algae new to the Arctic flora.
Strata shewing the probable existence of a large post-glacial
lake, about a square mile in extent, have been found at the
mouth of the Tyne, in Northumberland, at an altitude of
about 100 feet. These strata contain plant remains. Dis-
coveries of petroleum of good quality have been made in
Northern Argentina, which is important considering the
great development in the use of this substance, which, one
would think, was in danger of becoming exhausted whilst
vast supplies of coal still remained. To turn to fossils, a
portion of a wing of a giant dragon fly has been found
in the Radstock coal measures, of such a size that the
perfect insect must have had a span of something like
16 inches. It may, without an undue stretching of the
imagination, be presumed that there were other insects of
unusual size on which it preyed, if its habits were as rapacious
as those of the dragonflies of the present day. A remarkable
find has been made of the teeth of an antelope closely allied
to the elands of S. Africa, in a Pleistocene cave-deposit in
Maryland, U.S.A. As certain fossil teeth from India were
also believed to be of this class of animal, it is suggested that
it may have found its way to America in past times by the
Behring Sea route. The Address of the President of the
Geological Section of the British Association gave a survey
of those fossil calcareous algae, which, by abstracting lime
from sea water and depositing it, have played such an
important part in the formation of calcareous rocks.
ASTRONOMY.
The extreme delicacy of much Astronomical work, involving
the observation of faint stars, the long exposure of
photographic plates, and many other methods, the accuracy
of which would be affected by the slightest movement or
vibration as well as by a variable density of the neighbouring
atmosphere, is causing the removal of some of the great
observatories from the precincts of towns to quieter spots.
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixix.
Berlin and Hamburg observatories have already taken this
step, and Paris is meditating a move. Greenwich, so far,
has put up with these troubles, and it is to be hoped that
such a serious uprooting may be avoided. To show the
difference between the present time and 20 — 30 years ago
it may be mentioned that a hundredth of a second of arc can
now be determined more accurately than a tenth of a second
at the earlier period. These remarks are also borne out by
the length of exposure, 38 hours 7 minutes, required in con-
nection with researches on the spectra of spiral nebulae
carried on lately at the Mount Wilson Observatory. These
nebulae are found for the most part to exhibit the spectra of
solar-type stars, but a small number give evidence of gaseous
radiation. It is believed from certain observations that
some nebulae are variable in their brightness ; but the matter
is one of much delicacy, and the fact is not yet fully estab-
lished. The last theory as to the cause of variability in some
stars is that they are Ellipsoids, uniformly luminous and
rotating. When the broad side is presented to us the light
would necessarily be much greater than when the narrower
end was pointing in our direction. This theory apparently
accounts satisfactorily for the light changes observed ; and if
an Ellipsoid of such a shape is sufficiently stable under such
circumstances, it seems a more simple explanation than that
of a light and dark body rotating round each other. In some
variables, however, such as Algol, where the light becomes
suddenly more feeble for a short time at regular intervals,
we must fall back on a dark companion or large planet for
explanation. It has been discovered by the comparison of
photographs taken at different times that the bright and
beautifully-coloured star Capella has a faint companion
moving in connection with it at the great distance of
12' 3.3". Several meteors have been recorded in the past
12 months. Two large ones on June 14, one said to be larger
than the moon, in the S. of Ireland, which travelled at least
490 miles, the other on the Eastern English Coast. One was
observed from Bristol on Oct. 7. Another from Oxford with
Ixx.
a coloured tail on Nov. 24. Another on Jan. 19 last from
Reading and other places at 7.0 p.m., brighter than the full
moon, which burst with a loud report and much vibration.
One was actually observed to fall in Zululand on Aug. 1, 1912.
It weighed 381bs., and consisted almost entirely of nickel-
iron alloy. But the most extraordinary recent meteoric
display was in America and Canada on Feb. 9, 1913, when
three distinct groups of several meteors each passed over at
intervals, following each other along the same path, each
remaining in view for about 20 seconds, and in some cases
finishing up with an explosion. The complete display lasted
about three minutes, and there were about 30 bodies alto-
gether, which came in sets of threes and fours, those in each
set moving abreast of each other. By the time this wonderful
procession had reached Bermuda most of the large leading
bodies had disappeared, whilst the number of groups and
trailers had increased. It would be a painful thing to have
to give up the idea of the wonderful canals on Mars of which
we have heard so much, and to which has been ascribed such
extraordinary significance ; but everything has its day, and
it is now suggested that recent observations tend to resolve
them into disconnected knots of diffused shadings. How
far this is accepted by astronomers I do not know, but it is
accompanied by a statement that Mars is almost always in a
frozen condition, and is therefore probably not inhabited at
all. But it seems to me that, considering the great variety
of man and animals found on even this our earth, it is by no
means fair to assume that Mars cannot contain intelligent or
other beings on account of the fact that its temperature
approaches that of our Arctic regions, for even there life is
by no means absent, as the Esquimaux manage to survive,
and on Mars there may exist a far more hardy race. But
whether we shall ever be able to do more than theorise is
doubtful. Coming now to our earth and its satellite, it has
been calculated that the brightness of the earth's albedo or
earthshine is about 1-1 600th of that of the rest of the moon.
Attempts which have lately been made to photograph the
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxi.
moon through coloured screens have shown the presence of a
remarkable deposit round the crater of Aristarchus, which
may be sulphur, which, if proved, would settle the question
of the volcanic origin of these crater-like 'forms, which have
been attributed to the impact of huge meteorites, though if
this were the case why should our earth, with its greater
powers of attraction, not present similar features ? A
change, not at present explainable, was observed to take
place early in 1913, in one of the lunar craters, Eimmart,
which formerly at each lunation a white material seemed to
fill and overflow. This phenomenon is no longer visible,
and other differences have shown themselves, which in such
an unchanging body as the moon are very striking. Some
delicate observations undertaken to investigate the presence
of radium in the chromosphere of the sun have shewn that
radium and its emanation, neon, argon, krypton, and zenon,
are all probably absent from the chromosphere. The latest
theory of the formation of sunspots is that they are caused by
the impact of pieces of Saturn's rings struck off by the Leonid
meteors. This seems far-fetched, but like many other
wild-sounding theories has some basis of support. The year
1913 has been marked by an absence of sunspots more striking
than in any year since 1810 ; but as a large sunspot has lately
been developed the minimum period would seem to be at an
end. Preparations are being made for viewing the total
solar eclipse of Aug. 21 next, visible from Norway. The next
one visible from England will be in 1927, the last one seen
from this country having been in 1724. It is satisfactory to
learn that Canada will before long possess a very fine reflecting
telescope, with a mirror of 6ft. in diameter.
METEOROLOGY.
It would be difficult and not so satisfactory to consider the
weather for the past 12 months, starting backwards from
May, as all the weather statistics are made up to the end of
December. The mean temperature of 1913 was in excess of
Ixxii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
the average over the whole of the British Isles, the excess
amounting in the Midlands and East of England to 2°, in
spite of the fact that the summer was cool and sunless. The
summer was also dry, and in most parts the amount of rain
for the year was below the average, Ireland, however, having
an excess of 5 per cent. The same statement also applies
to the rainfall of the past winter. At the British Association
Meeting the subject of the comparative departures from the
normal temperature at the same time in different countries
was brought forward, investigations having shewn that with
regard to Egypt and S.W. England the abnormal heat in the
latter in 1911 had been contemporaneous with an abnormally
cool summer in Egypt. On comparing the returns for 34
years it was further found that the departures from the
normal in the two countries were in opposite directions in all
seasons, but the results were much more definite in the first
and last quarters of the year. This discovery will doubtless
produce definite results in the comparison of other countries
as regards temperature, and advance our present very small
knowledge of its laws. One of those destructive tornadoes
which occasionally visit us and uproot trees, &c., in their
path, which is fortunately a narrow one, occurred on a larger
scale than is usual in this country, in S. Wales and in the
later part of its course, in Cheshire, on Oct. 27th last. The
width of the storm was about 200 yards, but along its course
two men were blown away for considerable distances and
killed, buildings were wrecked, trees uprooted, and great
damage done. Egyptian statistics shew that during 45
years (1868 — 1912) only 180 thunderstorms, including all
observations of even slight lightning, were recorded, and only
28 cases of hail or heavy rain. The forecasting of the weather
is still unfortunately a very uncertain matter, and from
comparisons with the actual state of things it has been
deduced that not very much more than half of the forecasts
are correct. Investigations of the upper air by means of
balloons have altered our ideas about it almost as much as
the discovery of radium has done about the temperature of
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxiii.
the earth, and no doubt in course of time forecasting will
improve ; but at present the influences which determine
the weather seem very complicated and difficult to grasp.
Observations of clouds at Epsom, continued for eight years
at hourly intervals, shew that the commonest form of cloud
is cumulus, which occurred on 1622 days, stratus coming next
with 1155, as well as many other facts connected with clouds.
It has been suggested that the presence of volcanic dust in
the atmosphere is responsible for a diminution of the amount
of the sun's heat reaching the earth, which seems to be borne
out by the agreement in the past 150 years between eruptions
and cold periods. A valuable contribution has been made
to our knowledge of the Aurora by a series of simultaneous
photographs of Aurorae at two stations about 17 miles apart,
which will afford data for working out details as to their
form, position, and altitude. The rate of movement of
Greenland glaciers has been found to be from one to two
metres per day. Both these and glaciers in Norway and
North America seem to be retreating in position, as are
many of those in the Alps, whilst most of those in the Pyrenees
are advancing. The Grand Pacific Glacier in N. America has
gone back the great distance of 25 kilometres in 33 years.
Experiments continue to be made with regard to detecting
the neighbourhood of icebergs, the most reliable method
being the observation of the fall of air-temperature caused by
them even when at a considerable distance. They rarely give
an echo, and the temperature of the water near them is
uncertain. A Government grant will probably be made this
year for the purpose of research into this matter. An interesting
book by our former V.-P., Dr. Vaughan Cornish, on Waves of
Sand and Snow, has lately been published. We have to thank
him for several valuable papers on this and kindred subjects, in
our past volumes.
ELECTRICITY.
At the Berlin Meeting of the International Electrotechnical
Commission, at which no less than 24 nations were
Ixxiv. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
represented, one of the most important points debated was that
of nomenclature. It was decided that French should be the
standard language, and that a vocabulary should contain
the official equivalent words in French, English, German,
and Spanish for electrical terms, difficulties having arisen
in practice, especially in Spanish. An International Com-
mission has been appointed to make experiments on the
propagation of electric waves, the station at Brussels being
used as a centre. The effects and causes of natural electric
waves are also to be investigated. Another case of the value
of wireless telegraphy as a means of life saving was provided
by the steamship Volturno, which was burnt at sea in October
last, when 10 steamers responded to the call for help and saved
all on board who were still alive. The effect of oil in calming
the raging sea was also strikingly demonstrated, one of the
steamers having a cargo of oil which, when thrown on the
water, enabled small boats to reach the burning ship, though
a violent gale was blowing.
CHEMISTRY.
Much discussion took place at the last British Association
Meeting on the subject of the nature of the Atom, it being
supposed to be in one case a minute nucleus surrounded by
electrons. The chemical analysis of matter was also greatly
to the fore, ideas on the subject having been so much
affected by the discoveries in connection with radium
and its changes and emanations. The President of the
Chemical section says "The common origin of all elementary
substances is now an accepted theory " — though I think
that such words to the ordinary observer would be a little
disappointing when he found that the desires of the old
alchemists had not advanced much nearer fulfilment than
when they devoted their lives to the transmutation of other
substances into gold. He also in his Address throws out a
warning to those who, because certain vital products can be
produced by chemical processes, jump to the conclusion that
all chemical changes in living substances are brought about
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxv.
by ordinary chemical forces. He points out that we are
far from being able to reproduce such products by means
similar to the vital ones, and until we have some definite
knowledge of how the vital processes are carried on and can
imitate them in our laboratories we have not much ground
to go upon. The National Physical Laboratory is now in
possession of a British Radium Standard, and is prepared to
standardise preparations of radium and mesothorium. The
chief source of radium is the mineral carnotite, from Colorado,
and, the process of extraction having been improved, more
can be obtained per ton of ore. It has been found that the
percentage of radium in accessible rocks is much more than
enough to sustain the earth at its present temperature, were it
to be as abundant through its whole mass. In order, there-
fore, that the earth may be kept at its present heat it seems
necessary to assume that the bulk of the radium it contains
is concentrated near its surface. Remarkable results have
taken place by passing X-rays through zinc -blende and other
crystals, the issuing rays, when received on a photographic
plate, recording a geometrical pattern of spots, which, by
placing photographic plates at different distances, are shewn
to be formed by rectilinear pencils of rays spreading in all
directions from the crystal. These appear to be the reflections
of the X-rays from the similar and similarly situated planes
of atoms composing the crystal, in other words the planes of
the space lattice. It is considered as more likely that the
reflections come from the sides of one set of atoms composing
the molecules of the crystalline substance than from the sides
of the actual molecules, and that much may be learnt from these
experiments of the atomic structure, and perhaps even of the
size and other details of the atoms themselves, and that it
forms a new departure in our knowledge in this respect.
ENGINEERING.
The development of aeroplanes is still continuing, and is
perhaps most strikingly seen in the wonderful feats accom-
plished by certain aviators which are so much before the
Ixxvi. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
public. The accidents are said to be less numerous, but are
sufficiently so to class aviation still as a very hazardous
pursuit. Some advance has been made towards automatic
controls which keep the aeroplane stable and prevent the
upsetting effects of unexpected currents of air, bub there
appears still much to be desired. There seems to be much
difficulty in the satisfactory application of mathematics to
the science of aeroplane stability, and what has been accom-
plished in this respect has been chiefly the result of experi-
ment. A new record of height has been established, a French
aviator having reached an altitude of 20,300 feet. The
International Conference on the Safety of Life at Sea,
instituted in consequence of the loss of the Titanic, lays
special stress on three points — namely, a service for the
observation of icebergs, wireless telegraphy on ships above a
certain size, and an adequate supply of lifeboats, with con-
venient means of launching them on either side of the ship.
Some interesting experiments made on the reciprocal attrac-
tion of two ships passing near to each other, show that this
constitutes a very appreciable source of danger, as the
tendency to collision is considerable, especially when the
speed is low. Great trouble has been experienced from the
ravages of the Teredo in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand,
many kinds of wood having been tried without any success.
Now the remedy has been found in ferro -concrete, which is
unaffected by any boring animal. The largest turbo-
generator yet made has been built at Newcastle-on-Tyne for
Chicago, and gives excellent results. The President of the
Engineering Section of the British Association dealt chiefly
in his Address with the Electrification of Railways, which he
advocated, giving many details of cases in which it had been
adopted.
GEOGRAPHY.
The subject of Geography is a most comprehensive one ;
but, as a matter of fact, most of the items which
might be treated of under it fall more naturally into
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxvii.
other sections, so that what remains is but little, and
that, now-a-days, chiefly in connection with the Arctic and,
more especially, Antarctic expeditions, which have of late
been so numerous and borne so much fruit. Now that the
Poles have both been reached, some of the romance of these
has vanished ; but there is still much to learn, and most of
our globe is getting so well known and mapped that no great
geographical discoveries are possible. A new piece of Arctic
land has been discovered by some Russian ships north of
Siberia, consisting of a coast of about 200 miles in extent.
The Mawson Antarctic Expedition has returned with
much scientific information about those regions, gained,
unfortunately, at the expense of a tragedy somewhat similar
to that of Captain Scott and his companions, but in which
the leader was spared. Two more expeditions are starting,
one under Sir Ernest Shackle ton, the other under Mr. Foster
Stackhouse. Of other expeditions, the Yale one to Peru has
thrown light on that remarkable people, the Incas, who
formerly inhabited it. The city indicated in their national
legends as their original home has, it is believed, been
identified, and the wonderful masonry of the temples, the
cemeteries, and the pottery and bronzes found in them are
described in the report. In Brazil, again, a large area of
unknown country has been mapped. In the Himalayas a
height of 24,600 feet has been reached, the highest yet
attained by man — a feat showing great energy and endurance.
Accounts of various other travels are given in the
Geographical Section of the British Association, and its
President dwelt upon the prospects of the food and other
supplies for future generations when the earth's population
should have increased and multiplied, and the amount of
unoccupied land should be comparatively small. An
increasing population is generally supposed to be an advantage
to a country, but there is another side to the question, and
it certainly seems to me to be not without its disadvantages.
The people who, on the other hand, decrease in numbers and
tend to die out are certain native races who come under
Ixxviii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
white men's influence, such as the Australians and neighbour-
ing nations. The Andaman Islanders appear to have suffered
in this way, as their numbers in two groups of islands are
now reduced to 455 out of about 3,500 in 1858, when British
occupation began. Those by whom civilisation has not yet
been adopted, however, still survive and flourish.
ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHEOLOGY.
The excavations at Maumbury Rings being now finished,
the Earthworks Committee of our Club proposes this year to
turn its attention to the Dewlish Elephant Trench, a great
part of which was explored in 1888 by our late President,
Mr. Mansel-Pleydell, whose finds of tusks and other portions
of Elephas meridionalis, a gigantic elephant standing 17 feet
high, are in our Dorset Museum. [See Proc. D.F.C. X., 1.]
This proposal originated from a suggestion that the trench
was of artificial formation and made by prehistoric man as a
trap to catch elephants ; but the evidence of this is so far
confined, I believe, to the finding of a few so-called eoliths,
which may or may not be of natural formation and could have
but little weight in deciding the question. Geologically,
doubtless, the excavation will prove of interest. To revert
to Maumbury, one of the results that seemed to me of most
importance was shewn in last year's work by the discovery
that on the East side, just inside the bank, was a series
of prehistoric pits, similar and similarly placed to those
previously discovered under the opposite bank. The natural
and almost unavoidable conclusion is that the present banks,
or rather others on which these were raised, were made in con-
nection with the pits. As to what the connection was, and
what was the exact object of the pits, it is difficult to say.
The theory that they were excavations for the purpose of
obtaining flints seems to me insufficient on account of their
number and regular formation, when one ordinary quarry
would have afforded a much larger supply of flints with far
less work. The theory of storage or hiding places appears
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxix.
to me more probable. Excavations have been carried on in
many places. In Egypt a 1st dynasty cemetery at Tar khan
has been examined, and is considered to prove the presence
there of the conquering tribe of Egypt who eventually
founded Memphis, who appear to have been slightly shorter
than the native population. At Meroe more Roman objects
have been found, showing a probable occupation by their
troops. At Abydos a large reservoir has been found and two
gigantic colonnades leading into a great hall, which appears
from inscriptions to be the celebrated tomb of Osiris. On
the Palatine Hill at Rome has been discovered the famous
Mundus supposed to lead to the infernal regions. The pit is
covered by a square roughly hewn slab of tufa, pierced by
two holes. In Guatemala a series of temples has been brought
to light, containing many carvings and hieroglyphs of at
present unknown interpretation. At Carchemish and else-
where works have also been carried on. At Pompeii the
remains of the ancient harbour have been found, about
1,300 yards from the present seashore, covered with a layer
23 feet deep. In Ionia a remarkable collection of ancient
Greek surgical instruments has been discovered, all of bronze,
except two of steel. The collection is to go to an American
Museum. Nearer home, excavations in the shell-mounds of the
Scotch Island of Oransay have produced numerous early bone
and horn implements, and at Cor bridge a large find of
Roman articles has been made — pottery altars, a bronze pig
containing gold coins, and many other things. From an
Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Hornsea a series of bronze brooches
similar to ones found in Norway, a bell, and food vases without
any ornamentation were obtained, and are now in the Hull
Museum. In Kinkell Cave, near St. Andrews, a slab of red
sandstone with incised crosses is considered by the excavators
to be one of our earliest Christian relics. A discovery of
pigmy flints of various forms has been made in Scotland near
the junction of the Feugh with the river Dee. A flint work-
shop floor containing numerous hammer-stones, cores, worked
flints, flakes, pot boilers, fragments of pottery and animal bones
Ixxx.
has been found at Ipswich. Also in Suffolk, flints stated
to be humanly worked, with barnacles of the Red Crag Sea
attached to them, have been excavated from the base-beds of
the Crag. Excavations and other investigations in France have
tended to prove that different types of Palaeolithic implements
occur in succession in the same order at different places, and
show their gradual development from an early form to the latest.
Recently, excavations in Kent have shown a similar succession
of types from the Strepy in the lowest stratum through
Chellean, Chelleaii evolue, St. Acheul, Solutre, and Le
Moustier, forming a similar sequence to that of the Somme
Valley. The subject of worked flints is a difficult one, as
many of the forms are doubtless produced by natural causes
and are probably even harder to distinguish from the ancient
artificial ones than some modern imitations of antique china
and glass are to tell from the really old specimens. Under
these circumstances little reliance can be placed on them as
evidence unless the traces of human manufacture are clear
and indisputable. Much further discussion has taken place as
to the shape of skull which the Piltdown fragments represent
and as to its age, about which opinions differ widely. It also
seems doubtful if the Galley Hill and Ipswich skeletons are
nearly so old as they have been represented, the evidence being
unconvincing. It is improbable that any really early
human remains have yet been found in S. America, and I
believe that none have been discovered in S. Africa, though
quantities of Palaeolithic implements have occurred in the
latter country. A discovery of what may be an ancient
skeleton has lately, however, been made in German E.Africa,
the man being stated to have had 36 teeth, some of which
were filed, a curious habit for a very early race, and one
which throws a little doubt on its supposed age. What is
believed to be the earliest known drawing of a human figure
has been found engraved on a mammoth bone in the upper
Aurignacian layer near Poucin, in France, and numerous
paintings in red have been found on rocks in caves in Spain,
some shewing men hunting the stag. An apparently
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxxi.
Palaeolithic engraving of the fore part of a horse on a fragment
of rib has been found near Sherborne in an old mound of
debris from a quarry, the only other similar British specimen
having come from the Creswell caves. The specimen is, 1
believe, in the Sherborne School Museum, and has been
described by our Hon. Member, Dr. A. Smith- Woodward.
On the evidence of certain beads now in the Devizes Museum,
and pronounced to be Egyptian of about the 14th Century,
B.C., the erection of Stonehenge is ascribed to that period.
This agrees fairly well with other available evidence. In
this section I would note the purchase of Maiden Castle by
the Duchy of Cornwall. Above all things it is important that
this magnificent camp should be preserved, as far as possible, in
its original condition, and we all, I am sure, trust this will be
done under its present ownership. I also wish to call attention
to two books of great interest to our Antiquarian Members
lately published on Dorset, one " The History of Beaminster,':
by our Member, Mr. Richard Hine ; the other, " The Ancient
Earthworks of Cranbourne Chase," by Mr. Hey wood Sumner,
whose kindness and hospitality as our guide to the New
Forest Potteries last year we shall all remember.
GENERAL.
The Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves has
lately been formed in this country for the purpose of acquiring
and preserving in a wild state suitable pieces of land. Of
these there are many in Dorset which still afford shelter to
certain plants and animals which anything approaching
cultivation would destroy. Even such an unattractive
patch as the Chesil Beach, between the Ferry Bridge and
Portland, contains species not found elsewhere in England,
and this in spite of the fact that a road runs along the middle
of it ; but there are also many much more beautiful spots
well worthy of preservation. In Germany since 1907 there
has been a State department for this purpose, and many
tracts have been preserved in this way to the great advantage
Ixxxii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
of both the present nation and posterity. At the British
Association Meeting the Education Section discussed a
variety of points connected with that subject, amongst
others the advantages of making museums more educational.
I think myself that the first duty of a Museum such as ours,
is to collect and preserve what might otherwise be lost, and
the second to exhibit what it has in such a way that its
visitors may learn as much as possible about each object.
Spelling reform, by which I presume is meant phonetic
spelling, seemed to find some favour ; but I cannot under-
stand how any educated person can bear the sight of it !
We should have no clue to the meaning of the many
unfamiliar words we so often now meet with. One thing
has struck me very forcibly of late years, and is, I believe, a
direct result of over-education and general civilization.
It is that now no one (with few exceptions) is able to do
anything for him or her self, but must go to a professional
for it. If people were less educated and more self-supporting
I am sure that the general comfort and happiness would be
vastly increased, and there would be less of that restless
spirit which is always wanting some new excitement. I
also think that they would have more general useful know-
ledge than they appear to have under the present system.
I am by no means against education, but I think that for
one thing the future walk in life of the pupil is not sufficiently
considered, and too many things are taught indiscriminately
to all. The President of the Education Section of the
British Association, at the beginning of his masterly address,
mentions the fact that we are now spending £34,000,000 per
annum on education, and says " it appears difficult to find
distinct evidence of improvement in any way commensurate
with the sacrifices which have been made." Anyone who is
interested in this subject should read the whole Address.
I have been speaking, of course, of general education. Higher
Education for those who have shewn themselves fitted for it
is a different matter, and must be kept at a high level in
order that the knowledge of the world may be preserved and
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxxiii.
utilised. Educational and civilizing methods as practised
by the Japanese in Formosa would, I fear, not be tolerated
here, though they might sometimes be useful. The
Aborigines are enclosed in a highly-electrified wire fence 300
miles long, which kills any who touch it. Any native wishing
to submit is handed over to the authorities to be civilized
and educated ; but the details of the process must be left
to the imagination, as I am ignorant of them. The Metric
system is spreading in the world, and some small steps towards
it have been taken in this country. It has undoubted
advantages for convenience of calculation, but the change
would be difficult. Last year, for the first time, a separate
sub-section of Psychology was formed at the British
Association Meeting, and attracted a large number of auditors.
It was also touched upon by the President of the
Association in his Address, but the subjects dealt with in the
various papers do not seem to have gone outside matters
connected with the working of the human and animal minds,
little, if any, of what is generally known as spiritualism
being contained in them. It has been the habit of the
British Association of late years to hold its meetings
occasionally in some of our Colonies, such as Canada and
South Africa. This year for the first time it has been decided
that it should visit Australia, and thus do its share in
realizing the union of the British Empire even in its most
distant shores.
m
Bussei
A Memoir by E. R. SYKES.
the death of Alfred Russel Wallace the last
link with the great workers on evolution, whose
names adorn the mid-nineteenth century, is
broken. One by one, Darwin, Hooker, Huxley,
&c., they have passed away, and now death
has taken from us the last, and one of the
greatest.
We, of the Dorset Field Club, have a special interest in
Wallace ; he was an Ordinary Member of the Club for some
years, and in 1909 became one of our Honorary Members ;
to many of us he was personally known, and not a mere
abstract personality.
Born on January 8th, 1823, at Usk, in Monmouthshire,
he was educated at Hertford Grammar School, and for a
short time assisted his brother as a land surveyor. Later,
he became a schoolmaster at Leicester, and there, about
1845, he became friends with H. W. Bates, whose works on
the Amazon Region are so well known. This was a turning
point in his career for, in 1848, he and Bates, both already
keen students of nature, went out together to study and
collect animals and plants in South America. After a short
time they separated, and Wallace spent four years in the
country, exploring the Rio Negro. Unfortunately the bulk
of his collection was lost, owing to fire on the ship by which
he returned home. In 1854 he started on his classic expedition
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE. IxXXV.
to the Malay Archipelago, then but little known ; this lasted
no less than eight years, and he brought back the vast store
of over 125,000 specimens. On the materials so collected and
his geographical studies were based his '* Island Life " and
'' Geographical Distribution of Animals," while we may also
note his discovery of what has been called l( Wallace's line,"
dividing the Archipelago into two distinct regions, with
entirely different faunas.
We may now turn to his epoch-making work, by which the
name of Wallace will ever be remembered. While still in the
Malay Archipelago he sent home to Darwin his essay '* On the
tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original
type," which, to the latter's amazement, proved to be in
theory and reasoning precisely similar to the great work on
which he himself was then engaged. It was eventually
arranged that a joint paper by Darwin and Wallace should be
read at the Linnsean Society, and in 1858 this was done.
After a stormy controversy the great theory of the survival
of the fittest has met with universal acceptation, and the
foundation-stone of modern biology stands firm and secure.
To us of the present day it is hard to realise that
what has been well called one of the driving forces of the
world, and which seems to us but a simple truth, should have
been found so hard to accept. Incidentally, we gain some
insight into the working of Wallace's mind, into which, after
a long period of, no doubt, unconscious preparation, decisions
flashed. The above conclusions came upon him suddenly,
and we know that he said of himself " I am a believer in inspir-
ation. All my best theories have come to me suddenly."
Characteristic of his enquiring mind was it, that he never
considered the details of the theory as finally settled. He
was far from accepting the whole of the " Origin of Species "
verbatim, and, in later years, he endorsed the somewhat
diverging views of Weissman. Finally, in his " World of
Life," he expressed his disagreement with the view attributed
to Darwin, that man, like all other animals, has been produced
by the unaided operation of natural selection.
IxXXVi. ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE.
From this time onwards Wallace occupied his rightful
position as one of the leaders of scientific thought ; slowly,
but steadily, recognition and honours poured in upon him ;
and he held his place till death, on November 7th, 1913, in
his ninety-first year, removed him from amongst us.
It is impossible in a brief memoir like the present to give
any real survey of Wallace's scientific or other work. An
author who dealt with such widely-sundered subjects as Island
Faunas and Spiritualism, the theory of evolution and State
ownership of land, is not to be summarised in a few para-
graphs. For a moment we may turn to his " Island Life," a
summary it may be said, but a summary welded by a master
hand. Here, after a brief essay on distribution, he points
out that the key must be sought in evolution ; and after dealing
with glacial epochs and changes of climate, he gives a detailed
survey of the fauna and flora so far as known, the result being
a book of great value, not only to the specialist, but also to
the general reader. In his '' Malay Archipelago," again, we
find most valuable observations, not only on the animals
and plants, but also on the native races and their history ;
and that he risked many dangers in the cause of science, the
mere account of his voyage from Waigiou to Ternate, in 1860,
is sufficient to show.
The influences which lead men to become what they are,
though often apparently small in themselves, afford an inter-
esting study. In the case of Wallace, his taste, already slightly
developed, for zoology and botany, no doubt received a great
stimulus from his friendship with Bates. This association
largely led to the first expedition to South America, and, gradu-
ally, the collector became the master mind, using his collections
in the way they should be used — as materials for study.
To take another instance, his views on the State ownership
of land may be traced to his association with his elder brother,
a surveyor, and to the experience this gave him.
Patient, industrious, broad-minded, with wonderful powers
of concentration, the world has lost a great naturalist and
philosopher.
^^^s^^^^^^^^
•b
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PL. A. Portraits of Philip and Joan.
( Fig. 1. Porcelain Bowl in silver-gilt strap -mounting.
" B' I „ 2. Inside view of Bowl.
„ c. Iron Chest — front and back views,
, D. Cedar Chest.
Eeft bp P)ilip ant) jfaan of Castile in 1506
at Mtolfetmi
anli |3reserbeti in ttje
By Rev. 0. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S.,
&c.
(PLATES A, B, C, D.)
!HE coming of Philip Archduke of Austria and
King of Castile with Joanna his wife, eldest
daughter of Ferdinand King of Aragon and
Isabella Queen of Castile, to Weymouth in
the year 1505 is a matter of English history.
Their appearance at Weymouth was at once
brought to the notice of Sir Thomas
Trenchard of Wolfeton, the High Sheriff of
the County of Dorset, by the Weymouth
authorities, who were naturally alarmed by the appearance
off their port of a Spanish Fleet of 80 ships. Sir Thomas
Trenchard seems to have immediately put himself in com-
munication with the Government Authorities ki London,
and himself became the host at Wolfeton of Philip and Joan,
2 RELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE.
both as eminent personages really in distress, and who
afterwards continued to be his guests for a prolonged period
at the instance of the English Government. Thus it was
that King Philip and his Queen Joanna with all their retinue
were in residence at Wolfeton House for a considerable time,
and would necessarily be accompanied by much baggage
and other impedimenta. They were also, evidently, unable
to speak English, and a relative of Sir Thomas Trenchard's
(Mr. Russell, of Kingston Russell, Dorset), who had lived in
Spain and was conversant with the Spanish language, became
then a guest also at Wolfeton, and acted as an interpreter.
Mr. Russell afterwards accompanied Philip and Joan to the
Court of the reigning King of England (Henry VII.), in
London, and there laid the foundation of the existing House
of Bedford. All this, however, is a matter of English History,
and it is not my purpose to go further into it here. We have
information on all the above in Hutchins' History of Dorset
(3rd Edition, Vol. II., pp. 421, 780, 781, also Vol. III., pp. 329,
330). My object in the present paper is simply to bring
together in a connected form a short account of the still
existing proofs of Sir Thomas Trenchard having been a kind
and honoured host to Philip and Joan, by their presentation
to him, on their departure to the Court of Henry VII., or
shortly after, of their Portraits and two valuable specimens
of Oriental Chinese Pottery. In addition to these, their
Majesties left behind them various articles of baggage, which
had, doubtless, become useless to them and so mere
impedimenta, such as some Iron Chests (in which their money
and other valuables had been contained) and Wooden Chests
containing probably linen and clothes and other articles
needed in a voyage such as that in which the King and Queen
had been interrupted. Some of these chests were perhaps
left by them at Weymouth ; but it is most probable that all,
or nearly all, went to, and remained at, Wolfeton House.
Hence it is quite possible that some may have found their
way into the possession of other persons ; but at any rate
some of them, if not all, remained at Wolfeton House and
RELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE. 3
have come down to their present possessors in an unbroken
line from Sir Thomas Trenchard through John Trenchard,
of Newton House, Sturminster Marshall, Poxwell, and
Ringstead, Dorset, by whom they were left, or the greater
part of them, including the Portraits and Chinese Bowls, to
the late John Trenchard Trenchard, of Poxwell and Ringstead,
and Greenhill House, Wey mouth.
The relics above alluded to and which I propose to describe
and figure are — i., Portraits of the King Philip and Queen
Joanna ; ii., Two Chinese Oriental Porcelain Bowls ;
iii., Two Massive Iron Chests ; and iv., One Large Cedar
Chest.
The Portraits measure 19 J inches square to the outside of
the frames. Engravings were made from them in 1801 by an
eminent portrait painter and engraver (C. Bestland) at the
instance of John Trenchard of Newton House, Sturminster
Marshall, and were intended, as I have understood, to
illustrate the account in Hutchins' History of Dorset of their
Majesties' visit to Wolfeton. Much, and in some respects
unfavourable, criticism has been made by some members of
the family in regard to the rendering of the portraits by
Bestland, and it is believed that their rendering in the present
paper, from the good photographs now exhibited, is more
accurate and a manifest improvement. As to the artistic
value of the portraits I am not qualified to speak. The
ornament round the King's neck represents the English
Order of the Garter, conferred upon him by King Henry the
VII., and was worn by Philip, when the portrait was painted,
in compliment to Sir Thomas Trenchard. The portraits were
most certainly, as Bestland remarks, painted at the time of
the King and Queen's visit to Wolfeton, and expressly for
the purpose of showing their Majesties' deep sense of gratitude
and approval of the treatment shewn them by Sir Thomas
Trenchard while at Wolfeton. I am not sure that anything
is known as to the artist by whom these portraits were
painted, but presumably it must have been by some Spanish
painter.
4 RELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE.
The next objects I would mention are the two Oriental
Chinese Porcelain Bowls, one of which is enclosed in a hand-
some silver-gilt mount of strap-work, 'bearing London hall
marks inside, dated 1549. This date being over 40 years
subsequent to their presentation to Sir Thomas Trenchard
shews that the mounting must have been added by the
Trenchards, long perhaps after the bowls came into their
possession, and no doubt it was added to do honour to Philip
and Joan's gift. The bowls themselves are of ordinary
shape and appearance, 7 or 8 inches in diameter ; and one of
them (the one mounted in the strap-work mentioned) is
considered by experts to be the better one of the two . They are
said to belong to the middle of the Chinese " Ming Dynasty,"
or possibly earlier, i.e., 1465-1488 A.D, and are of blue
and white ware, decorated with flowers, and inside are repre-
sented four fish swimming round another fish enclosed in a
circle in the centre. Nothing appears to be known of the
silver-gilt mounting, nor have I ever heard any explanation
of its details. A figure of the bowl is given by Mr. W. G.
Gulland in Vol. II. of " Chinese Pottery," second edition,
1902, p. 277, figs. 486, 487. This figure, however, was
engraved from a very inferior photograph, and gives no clear
representation of its details. The figures given in the present
paper are much more accurate in their details, especially of
the strap-mounting. A figure of the bowl is also given by
Mr. Sydney Heath and Mr. W. de C. Prideaux in " Some
Dorset Manor Houses," 1907, facing p. 38. But this figure,
engraved from the same above-mentioned inferior photo-
graph, also shows its imperfections. It may be mentioned
here that the silver-gilt mounting of the bowl is said to be in
the " Renaissance style " of the date which it bears, being
thus as before observed many years subsequent to the gift of
it by Philip and Joan to Sir Thomas Trenchard, and to have
nothing Moorish in its character. The above two portraits
and the bowls are in the possession of Mrs. F. G. A.
Lane, of Bloxworth House, daughter of the late Colonel
Jocelyn Pickard-Cambridge and grand-daughter of the late
Plate B. Proc. Dorset, N. H.&A.F. Club, Vol. XXX V.
FIG. 1
FIG. 2.
CHINA BOWL.
H
M
w
£
u
RELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE. 5
Rev. George Pickard-Cambridge, of Bloxworth House and
Rector of Bloxworth.*
Passing on to the two Iron chests, the rather larger one
measures 2ft. 3in. in length, 1ft. Sin. in width, and 1ft. Sin.
in depth ; it is very massive, and its structure can easily be
seen from the very accurate photograph exhibited, quite
precluding the necessity of a technical description, even if I
were qualified to give it. One of the views given of it shews
the work on the front and on the inside of the lid ; the other
view shews the outside of the back and lid. The original
key is also given very accurately, and is six inches in length.
The apparent keyhole in the front is a sham, the real one
being at the middle of the lid. This chest, formerly in the
possession of the late John Trenchard Trenchard, of Poxwell
and Greenhill House, Weymouth, has from him come now
into the possession of his great nephew, Jocelyn Pickard,
R.E., and -only son of the late Rev. Henry Adair Pickard,
M.A., of Airedale, Oxford.
The other chest mentioned measures in length 2ft. 5in.,
its width is 1ft. 4Jin., and depth 1ft. 3Jin., and, although
differing somewhat in several points of detail from the above
described, bears an unmistakable family resemblance to it.
I am unable to give a figure of this chest. It was formerly
in my own possession, having come to me from my late
father (the Rev. George Pickard-Cambridge, of Bloxworth
House). He received it from John Trenchard, before
mentioned, of Newton House, Stur minster Marshall (from
whom also the one I have already described was received by
* In Gulland's work (above referred to) Vol. II., p.p. 271, 278, Fig.
488, a Chinese Porcelain Bowl in the possession of New College,
Oxford, is described and figured under the name of " The Warham
Bowl." This bowl is much smaller than the " Trenchard " one, and
has a quite different silver-gilt setting from the *' Trenchard Bowl."
Whether this last or the Warham Bowl can claim to be the earliest
known piece of Chinese Porcelain brought into England is uncertain.
On this point Gulland says, p. 278, it is " a matter of opinion and
fortunately of no consequence," to which I quite agree.
6 EELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE.
my father's brother, John Trenchard Trenchard, of Greenhill
House, Wey mouth). This second chest was afterwards sold
by auction by my late brother (Colonel Jocelyn Pickard-
Cambridge) at Weymouth, without my knowledge, and was
subsequently presented by the Weymouth Town Council to
the late Sir Richard Howard, by whom it was bequeathed at
his decease to that same body, and is now in the Municipal
Offices at Weymouth.
To pass on now to the Wooden chest, of which a photograph
is exhibited ; this is made of massive cedar wood ; it
measures 5ft. 9in. in length, 2ft. lin. in width, and Ift. Sin.
in depth ; and has its front side ornamented, as is well
shown in the photograph, by bold Moorish engraved
scroll-work. This chest came to my late father (the
Rev. George Pickard-Cambridge), along with the second
iron one above mentioned, from John Trenchard, of
Newton House, and from my father it came to me, and in
my possession it still remains. The tradition handed
down with it is that it was one in which Philip and Joan
brought their linen and such like effects to Wolfeton House,
and was left there when they departed to the Court of
Henry VII. My father being, I must confess, more moved by
utilitarian than antiquarian ideas, simply made use of it as
a corn bin. Since it came into my hands, however, it has
been promoted to a higher sphere, and occupies an honoured
position on a musical platform in my house, and contains
much orchestral and other music, and such like.
Having now described those relics, whose descent from
Philip and Joan are undoubted, I will only add a few words
as to some other chests (both iron and wooden) which may
possibly have the same source, but in respect to which there
is not any clue or record, or history, that I have been able to
ascertain. The first I will notice is an iron chest of a distinctly
similar family character in the Guildhall at Weymouth, and
which, so far as I have understood, has been there from time
immemorial ; but I have not succeeded in finding out whether
or no the archives of the Guildhall contain any record relating
a
3
I
RELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE. 7
to it. The next is an iron chest in the possession of Mr. C.
S. Prideaux, of Dorchester, and another belonging to Mr.
E. H. A. Mackley of Vermont, Dean Park, Bournemouth.
Both of these, I understand, bear a close resemblance to the
undoubted Philip and Joan chests ; but they are wanting in
regard to any authentic record to connect them with the
visit of Philip and Joan to Wolfeton. Respecting possible
wooden chests in other hands, I was informed some time ago
that there was in the possession of the landlord of the Bath
Hotel, at Bournemouth, a chest which my informant told me
was very like in appearance, if not identical, with the
one in my possession above described ; but I have had no
opportunity of verifying this, nor of hearing what is its
history. Our President has also told me that he has himself
a chest of somewhat similar character to that which I have
described, but smaller ; and that it hails from an old Dorset
house. It does not, however, appear to have any history
attached to it. It may very possibly be a Philip and Joan
relic, though lacking any known connection with the visit
to Wolfeton.
The account I have given of those relics to which there
attaches an undoubted authenticity is, of course, of most
interest to my family, who have directly descended from
Sir Thomas Trenchard ; but it is also, I think, of real and
great interest as a matter connected with the stirring English
History of those days, and is thus well brought within the
scope of our " Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club "
Meetings and its " Proceedings."
Cljatnei
anli
in Dorset
By the Rev. Canon J. M. J. FLETCHER, M.A. and R.D.
TT is perhaps scarcely to be wondered at that
many of the earliest repositories of books
were connected with religious establish-
ments ; partly because the priests were
the educated class, but also because the
temple and its precincts seemed to offer
greater security for their safe custody
than would be the case with the majority
of secular buildings.
In Christian times, Community life naturally led to the
gathering together of books ; and, almost from the first,
strict rules were promulgated for their use and preservation.
St. Benedict, who lived from about the year 480 until 543,
may be regarded as the father of Western Monasticism. He
was especially instrumental in encouraging the study of
books ; and the great Benedictine Order, which he founded
in 529, and to which many of our English Monastic Com-
munities belonged, or from which they were derived, enforced
the habit of reading, and, as a consequence, led to the
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 9
production as well as to the preservation of books. The time
of his monks was divided into periods of prayer, of mental
study, and of manual labour. " Idleness," he wrote, in the
48th chapter of his rule, " is the enemy of the soul. Hence,
brethren ought, at certain seasons, to occupy themselves with
manual labour, and again at certain seasons with holy
reading." From Easter until the end of September, they
were to apply themselves to reading from the fourth until the
sixth hour. From October until the beginning of Lent they
were to study until the second hour. And during Lent
they were to read until the third hour. — a book being
then entrusted to them which they were to read straight
through.
The labour bestowed upon the production of a book, when
each copy must needs be carefully written by hand, together
with the costliness of the material (vellum, or some other
form of parchment) of which they were usually composed,
apart from the value of the subject matter, or in some cases
of the associations, would account for the care which was
bestowed upon their safe custody. Sometimes it was an
inflexible rule that no books were to be lent outside the
Monastery at all. In other cases they might not be lent
without the receipt of volumes of at least an equivalent
value as a pledge. Occasionally a terrible imprecation was
annexed against such as should remove a book without
intending to return it, e.g.
" Ut si quis eum (librum) de monasterio aliquo ingenio
non rediturus abstraxerit, cum Juda proditore, Anna, et
Caipha, portionem aeternae damnationis accipiat. Amen,
amen. Fiat, fiat."
The use of chains was of course to ensure the safe custody
of the volumes to which they were attached. The period
during which books were chained, for more or less public
study, may be said to have lasted from the early part of the
thirteenth century until late in the eighteenth century.
The first mention of chained books, so far as I am aware,
dates back to the early part of the thirteenth century, when
10 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
* Roger L'Isle, Dean of York, " bestowed several exemplars
of the Holy Bible to be used by the scholars of Oxford under
a pledge ; and these books, with others, were locked up in
chests or chained upon desks in St. Mary's Chancel and
Church, to be used by the Masters upon leave first obtained."
During the fourteenth and following centuries we constantly
read of books being secured by chains at the Universities,
as well as in Cathedrals and in parish churches. Indeed, at
Oxford, there was an early statute which enacted that every
book which was presented to the University Library should
be chained within twelve days after it had been received.
By the statutes of my own College in Oxford (University
College), which date back to 1292, it was enacted that " no
fellow shall alienate, sell, pawn, hire, lett, or grant any House,
Rent, Money, Book, or other Thing, without the consent of
all the fellows." And, again, " Every Book of the House,
now given, or hereafter to be given, shall have a high value
set upon it when it is borrowed, in order that he that has it
may be more fearful lest he lose it ; and let it be lent by an
Indenture, whereof one part is to be kept in the common
Chest, and the other with him that has the Book ; and let no
Book belonging to the House be lent out of the College without
a Pawn, better (than the book), and this with the consent of
all the Fellows."
Both at Oxford and at Cambridge, the Statutes of the
various Colleges contained most stringent regulations with
regard to the custody of books. They were regarded as
" the most precious treasure of scholars, concerning which
there ought to be the most diligent care and forethought, lest
they fall into decay or be lost." They were classed with the
College Charters and Muniments. At Oriel, for example,
books might be borrowed for a year by members of the
foundation. But if any book was lost, the full value was to
be paid. If the production or restitution of any volume was
* Roger de Insula (or De L'Isle) was Dean of York in 1221 and in
1226. He died in 1235. (Le Neve.)
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 11
wilfully deferred, or if it had been pawned or alienated, the
culprit would, ipso facto, be deprived of his Fellowship and
would cease to be a member of the Society.
There were, generally speaking, two classes of books ;
those which were allowed to be taken away from the place
where they were usually deposited — often a pledge being left
as a guarantee for their safe return — and those which were
allowed to be studied in situ, being secured in their place
either by chains, or at least by strict regulations. Thus our
modern system of combining a lending library with a reference
department was anticipated.
Libraries, using the term in the sense of buildings for the
repository of books, rather than that of mere collections of
books, whether in connection with Monasteries, Universities,
or Cathedrals, were for the most part built during the fifteenth
century. At Oxford a room for the reception of books
had been commenced as early as in 1320. It stood over a
vaulted chamber in the N.E. corner of St. Mary's (the
University Church) . Books, however, do not appear to have
been placed there until 1367. The Library was finally
established and furnished in 1409.
In the building accounts of the Library at Exeter Cathedral
in 1412-3, are charges for chains for 191 books, not secured
before.
In 1418, some books were bequeathed to York Cathedral
Library by the Treasurer, John de Newton, and were fastened
to the Library desks ; and in 1421 Ralph Lorimer, of
Conyngstrete, was paid 23s. Id. for making and mending 40
chains for these books.
About the year 1444, when a special Library Room was
erected at Salisbury to cover the Eastern Cloister, one of the
Canons gave some books, on the inside cover of two of which,
in the handwriting of the period, is a note bidding that they
should be chained in the new library.
It was not only in Monastic and University or in Cathedral
Libraries that books were carefully preserved ; but within
the Cathedrals themselves and in other Churches they were
12 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
to be found, kept for the use of readers ; primarily, perhaps
for the studies of the clergy ; for the ordinary layman, or
laywoman, was in those days, as a rule, deficient in learning,
and consequently unable to make use of books.
It has already been pointed out that, early in the thirteenth
century, books were chained, for the benefit of students,
in St. Mary's Church, Oxford, and that this was the
commencement of the University Library ; but, nearly two
centuries after the Library had found a permanent home of
its own, we read that
In 1414 a copy of Nicholas de Lyra was chained in the
Chancel of St. Mary's Church for public use, where it was
inspected by the Chancellor and Proctors every year.
Nearly a century previously, in 1327, a Breviary and
Missal had been chained up in the Choir of Exeter Cathedral
for the use of the people.
In 1365 books were left by Bishop Charleton to be chained
at Hereford.
In 1389, at the altar of St. Thomas the Martyr, in Salisbury
Cathedral, were chained Psalters and the Liber Matutinalis.
Attached to St. Hugh's shrine at Lincoln, there was " a
booke of seint Hugh's life cheyned, and a book of sermons."
In 1472 St. Edmund's, Salisbury, has " ij Legendes,
Hugucion y chayned in our lady chapell."
There is an interesting mediaeval inventory at St. Margaret's,
New Fish Street, London, in which some considerable number
of the books belonging to the Church are mentioned as being
" cheyned."
There is an erroneous impression that in pre-Reformation
times the Bible was practically a closed book. The following
extracts tend to show that, if this was the case, it was only so
because many were unable to read, or were ignorant of the
Latin tongue : —
In 1369 Bishop Charleton left a Bible, a Concordance, a
Glossary, Nicholas de Lyra, and five Books of Moses, all to
be chained in Hereford Cathedral.
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 13
In the time of Richard II. (1377—1399), in the Royal
Collegiate Chapel of Windsor Castle, were 34 books on different
subjects, chained. Amongst them were a Bible and a
Concordance.
In 1378 Thomas de Farnylaw, Chancellor of York, left,
amongst other books, a Bible and a Concordance to be chained
in the north porch of St. Nicholas Church, Newcastle, " for
common use."
In 1394 a copy of the Gospels in English was left by a
chaplain to Holy Trinity Church, Goodramgate, York.
In 1407, amongst other books to be found in St. Mary's
Church, Warwick, at the Earl of Warwick's Altar, was a
Bible.
In 1491 the parson of St. James', Colchester, wills " that
my portuse (breviary) and all my bookys that be bounde,
that they be chayned in saint peter 's chappell by the byble.'"
In 1498, in the book inventory, to be found in the
wardens' accounts of Bassingbourn, Cambs., is Sir John
Hubbertes gift, " the bybull."
In 1506 a Bible in 3 vols., a Lyra in 3 vols., and a Con-
cordance were chained behind the Treasurer's Stall in Exeter
Cathedral.
Commentaries on various books of Holy Scripture are also
frequently mentioned as having been chained in Cathedrals
and other Churches.
Towards the close of the fifteenth century, about the time
of the invention of printing, many of the College Libraries
suffered loss. Books, worn out, were not replaced. Pledges
were not always redeemed, and many volumes were
permanently alienated. Others were sold or given away by
those who had no right to do so. At Exeter College, in 1458,
the reason given for books being chained was that some of
them had been taken away.
But worse times were to follow. The suppression of the
Monasteries involved the destruction of the Monastic
Libraries. In three years, 1536-1539, the whole system was.
14 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
swept away ; 2,000 Monasteries came to an end. The
buildings were pulled down. The books were burnt, or used
for such purposes as the scouring of candlesticks, or the
rubbing of boots. Others went to the grocers or soapsellers
for the wrapping up of parcels, or were cut up by the book-
binders as materials for their trade.
The Universities were not spared. The Commissioners of
Edward VI., in 1549, considered that they were empowered
to reform the Libraries as well as those who used them.
Any illuminated MS., even if it had nothing more super-
stitious about it than a few rubricated initials, — or a
mathematical treatise, if it was illustrated with diagrams, —
was doomed to destruction. At Oxford, of the numerous
MSS. of which it had formerly been the possessor, 600 of the
most important of which had at one time been the collection
of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, — not a theologian, but a
cultured layman, — three only now remain.
Henceforth, as new libraries were formed, or some few of
the old ones restored, printed books for the most part took
the place of MSS. ; but the old conditions to a certain extent
were continued, and for two centuries longer many volumes
were chained.
The following notices with regard to chaining, and the
abolition of chains, at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, during
this period, will be of interest : —
A letter, dated 7th Feb., 1643, was written by the Marquis
of Hertford, at that time Chancellor of the University, to
the Curators of the Library, complaining that many of the
books were not properly chained. In reply, the Curators
replied that they had ordered to be done all that he required.
At the surrender of Oxford, after its siege, in 1646, General
Fairfax set a good guard of soldiers to preserve the Bodleian.
: 'Tis said there was more hurt donne by the Cavaliers (during
their garrison) by way of embezzilling and cutting off chains
of bookes than there was since."
About 8,000 volumes were added to the Library by Mr.
Selden's gift. A condition imposed by the executors
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 15
stipulated that within 12 months the books should be placed,
and chained, and a catalogue made. Accordingly, in the
accounts for 1660 there is an entry of the cost of providing
chains for these books, — £25 10s.
In 1751, additional chains were provided for the Library.
The removal of the chains commenced in 1757. And, in
1761, there was a payment made for unchaining 1448 books
at one half penny each.
In 1769, some long chains were sold at 2d. each, and short
ones at IJd. each. And then, en masse, 19 cwt. of old iron
was sold at 14s. per cwt.
Several of the chains are still preserved as relics.
CHURCH BOOKS IN BYGONE DAYS IN
WIMBORNE MINSTER.
Of the following items, the first refers to a bequest to
Wimborne Minster, the others are extracts from the Church-
wardens' Account Books of that parish, which are almost
complete from the year 1475.
Walter Hoggis, clerk, of Abbots Ann, Hants, in addition
to other bequests, including £10 for the erection of a library
at Hyde Abbey, Winchester, left by will, dated 10 Apr.,
1488, and proved 5 May, 1490 (P.C.C., Milles, fo. 35), " to the
King's church of Wimborne one book which is called ' Sermons
of a pupil ' to be placed in some suitable place there."
1495 (goods of the church), " Et 1 missale ex don' deca'i
m'g'i Walt's (sic) hart." [i.e., one missal, the gift
of the Dean, Mr. Walter Hart].
1510. Itm a payr of testymentys of the coste of Alys Pep.
1529. Payd for a prynt legend [probably a printed copy of
the story of Saint Cuthburga, the Foundress of the
church (circ. 705)]. xs. iiijd.
1538. payd ffor a new legend of the store of Seynt
Cuthborow vjs. viijd.
1539. Itm payd ffor halff a new byble vijs. v]d.
16 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
This would probably be " Matthew's " Bible, published
in 1537, which Cranmer had ordered, in 1538, to be supplied
everywhere in churches. It was to be provided by the clergy
and churchwardens conjointly. In accordance with this
order, doubtless the other half of the cost was paid by the
Dean and Canons, &c., who then ministered at Wimborne.
1540. Itm payd ffor a new man veil boke for the Church
i]s. iiijd.
1542. Itm payd ffor a deske and a cheyn ffor the bybyll,
and mending of a tressell in the markett and nayls
xiiijd.
1547. Itm pd for a bybyll xvjs.
1547. Itm pd for a manuell xviijd.
1549. Itm pd for a parafrasse & a chayne to make hem
faste xls.
1564-5. Itm Rec. for the olde Byble
1565-6. Itm payde for ij books of p'yers for envadinge of
the Turke xijd.
1566-7. Itm pd for ij Comunyon books . . xls.
1567-8. Itm pd for a byble .... xxvs. vid.
1568-9. Itm payed for a newe byble (probably the Bishop's
Bible) xxxiijs.
1588-9. Item paied for a new Bible . . xxxiijs. iiijd.
1604. Reed for the ould Bible .... iiijs.
1613. Itm for the Church Bible (no doubt the " Authorised "
Version) Ivjs.
Item for a horse for Mr. Wayne and another for
Henry Allen to Dorchester for the bible and there
dinners. .... iiijs.
1614. Itm for B. Jewels Booke £1 45. Od.
Itm a chaine for B. Jewels Booke . . . 9d.
Itm for makinge a dext (desk) for B. Jewels
Booke Is. Qd.
Itm (Received) of Chichester Shepton for a rome
(room) under B. Jewel's booke. [i.e., a seat.
The " sittings " were life holdings, and after the
1
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 17
death of the occupant reverted to " the
Church."] Is. 2d.
1617-8. It. for a book of Com'on praier . . viijs.
1645-6. For new binding ye Com'union book . 0.01.10.
For a Directorie . . . .0.02.00.
The " Directorie for the Public Worship of God " was a
Presbyterian formulary put forth by the Assembly of Puritan
Divines, and enforced on the nation by Parliament. Every
parish was bound to purchase this book, and anyone who was
discovered to be using the Book of Common Prayer, publicly
or privately, was fined £5 for the first offence, £10 for the
second, and imprisonment and loss of all goods for the third.
Bishop Jewel's Works would probably have been removed
during the Commonwealth. Immediately after the Restora-
tion of the Monarchy, we find
1659-60. It. For fitting the Booke called Bishop Jewells
works & Chaine & a staple 0.02.00.
It. for making the Deske for Bishop
Jewells booke 00.10.00.
1660-1. It. payd for 2 Comon prayer Bookes. . 1.01. 0.
1685-6. pd for binding the Church bible 00.11.00.
pd ffor A Book of Homilies 00.08.00.
pd for the Book of Canons & the 39 Articles 00.02.00.
1691. pd Mr. ffurber for 3 new Common Prayer
Bookes 01.37.00.
With each new reign new Prayer Books were bought : —
1701-2. pd for 2 new Common Prayer Books. . 1. 4. 0.
The books most frequently found chained at the present
day in churches are the following :—
The Bible, which is sometimes bound up with the Book
of Common Prayer.
Erasmus' Paraphrase of the New Testament.
Jewel's Apology, and Defence of the Apology.
Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
IS CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
The Whole Duty of Man.
The Book of Homilies.
Comber's Companion to the Temple.
An Order of Thomas Cromwell's to provide Bibles in
Churches was inserted in the Injunctions of 1536. In 1538
Cranmer ordered that Matthew's Bible should be supplied
everywhere in Churches. And on July 31, 1547, there was
an Injunction of Edward VI. put forth which ordered that
each parish should " provide within three moneths one
Boke of the whole Bible of largest volume in English (i.e.,
the Great Bible which had been published in 1539)
the same to be sette upp in some convenient place within the
Churche." At the same time it was ordered that a
translation of Erasmus' Paraphrase on the New Testament
should "within one twelvemonth " be set up in all Churches.
This was repeated in 1559.
In 1571, after the death of Bishop Jewel (of Salisbury),
Archbishop Parker wrote commending his Defence of the
Apology, and urging that it should be placed in Parish
Churches where it had not been already procured. And in
1609 Archbishop Bancroft ordered that Jewel's collected
works should be placed in Churches in addition to Erasmus'
Paraphrase.
In 1571 Archbishop Parker had ordered that Foxe's Book
of Martyrs should be placed " in the common halls of Arch-
bishops, Bishops, Deans, Archdeacons, and Heads of
Colleges," &c. And in 1684 the publishers of a new edition
obtained a promise from King Charles II. that Parker's
order should be revived.
The Whole Duty of Man was published soon after the
Restoration. Its authorship is unknown. It attained an
elevation only next to the Bible and the Book of Common
Prayer. It was recommended by Bishops to be used instead
of sermons, and young clergymen were advised to persuade
every family in their parishes to read it three times a year.
It will be noticed from what has been said that, although it
was ordered that some of these volumes were to be set up in
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 19
the Churches and others were placed there because they were
thought likely to be helpful, yet there were no directions
given that any of them should be chained. This was done
for the sake of securing them.
Lists of Churches and other buildings which are in possession
of Chained Libraries and Chained Books have been given in
Notes and Queries, Blades' Books in Chains, Dr. Cox's Church
Furniture (Antiquary's series), c.f. also Clark's The Care of
Books. Excepting for the short notes immediately following,
the remainder of this paper deals only with Dorset Church
Libraries and Books.
No English Chained Library now in existence can be
compared for a moment in interest or in value with the
Cathedral Library at Hereford. The building on the site of
the old western cloister is modern (1897). In the upper
chamber are the old volumes. Originally they numbered
2,000, all chained. Now there are 200 MSS., in the original
book cases, chained ; besides a large number of early-printed
books also in chains. Amongst the treasures of the Library
are an ancient copy of the Gospels, which is probably more
than 1,000 years old ; a 13th century copy of the " Hereford
Use ; " a copy of the " Bangor Use," written about the year
1400, with a curious charm for toothache inserted in the
middle of the book ; a first edition of Caxton's Golden Legend,
1483 ; and a considerable number of Incunabula, or 15th
century printed books. It is perhaps unnecessary to state
that, preserved at Hereford, in the east aisle of the choir
(though of course not chained in the Library), is the celebrated
llth century Mappa Mundi.
In 1715 a collection of some 280 chained books was
bequeathed to the churchwardens of All Saints' Church,
Hereford, and their successors, for the use of the rectors or
vicars, by Dr. Wm. Brewster. In 1858, when a bookseller
named Head was warden, and the church was in need of
money, the entire collection was disposed of to a London
firm of booksellers for £100, and narrowly escaped shipment to
20 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
America. But the Bishop, hearing of what had been done,
interfered ; and after some delay, and the payment of the
purchaser's expenses, books and chains were returned
from London and restored to their original position in the
vestry.
At Minster in Thanet (Kent) for many years past the
boards alone of a Bible have been chained, every page of the
Volume of which at one time they were the covers having
been carried away and, presumably, appropriated by
trippers.
At Whitchurch, Little Stanmore, Middlesex, the Earl of
Carnarvon, afterwards Duke of Chandos, rebuilt the church
in 1715, and had two copies of the Book of Common Prayer
chained to the book rests in each pew b}^ means of iron chains
about 10 inches in length. Some of the chains still remain in
situ ; but only a few of the books aie left, and these in a very
imperfect condition.
In the Minutes of S.P.C.K. for June 16th, 1707, occurs the
following : — " Mr. Skeat moved that a large decent Bible
might be bought for the Use of the Prisoners in the Compter-
Prison in South wark.
" Agreed to the said Motion and that the Whole Duty of
Man, the Art of Catechising, the Xtian Monitor, and Dr.
Gibson's Family Devotion (the last three to be bound to-
together) be added thereunto and all to be chained in that
Prison."
The Calendar of Treasury Books and Papers (1739-41,
p. 18) gives warrant (3 April, 1739) for delivery at a cost of
£13 of a folio Bible, folio Book of Common Prayer, and
Baker's Chronicle, with iron chains and pins to chain them to
the reading desk in the Guard Chamber at St. James' for the
use of the Yeomen of the Guard.
Blades (Bibliog. MisceL, 1890, pt. 2, p. 6) states that at
Wimborne " a copy of Fox's Book of Martyrs was in bygone
days chained to a desk in the dissenting chapel," cf. also
Hutchins' Hist. Dorset (last Edn. Vol. III., p. 229). Nothing,
however, is now known of this.
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 21
CHURCH LIBRARIES (CHAINED AND UNCHAINED) AND
CHAINED BOOKS, &c., IN THE COUNTY OF DORSET.
At GILLINGHAM is a collection of 300 books, unchained,
which still remain of the 619 volumes left to the vicar and
feoffees of the parish lands of Gillingham, in 1718, under the
will of Thomas Freke of Gillingham. They consist for the
most part of theological works, and are now at the Vicarage.
At KINSON about 220 volumes were given to the Church
in 1895 by Rev. P. J. Newell, then a resident of the parish.
They are shelved at the west end of the Church.
At MILTON ABBAS is one of the two Dorset Chained
Libraries. It consists of 66 volumes, for the most part
theological, which were originally kept in the vestry ; but
many years ago they were removed to the Vicarage, where
they now are. A marble tablet, in the vestry at the Abbey,
records the fact that John Tregonwell, Esq., who died in 1680,
" by his last will and testament gave all the bookes within
the vestry to the use of the Abbey Church for ever, as a
thankful acknowledgment of God's wonderful mercy in his
preservation when he fell from the top of this Church."
The incident happened when he was five years of age.
Accompanied by his nurse, he was on the roof of the south
transept, and, when her attention was otherwise engaged,
he clambered on to the parapet, attracted by some wild
flower which was growing out of the wall, and, losing his
balance, he fell 60 feet to the ground. The skirts of his dress
becoming inflated acted as a parachute and broke his fall.
When the nurse reached the ground, to her astonishment
and relief, she found the child unhurt and picking daisies.*
But most celebrated of all the Dorset Libraries is the far-
famed Chained Library at WIMBORNE MINSTER. It was
founded by the Rev. Wm. Stone in 1686. Stone was a
native of Wimborne, and was born about the year 1615.
* Proceedings of the Dorset Field Club, Vol. IV., pp. 86-87.
22 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
Presumably he was the son of another William Stone, who
like himself, was one of the three " Ministers," or
" Presbyters," who conjointly were in charge of the Minster
at Wimborne. He took the degree of B.C.L. when 18 years
of age, and was appointed one of the Ministers of Wimborne
in 1641. During the Civil War he appears to have attached
himself as Chaplain to the Royal Army, "where through
many labours, losses, and dangers he strenuously fulfilled
his duty." During the period of the Commonwealth he
travelled in foreign lands. Upon the Restoration he returned
to Wimborne, and in 1661 was restored to his position as one
of the Ministers of the Minster. Two years later he became
Principal of New Inn Hall, Oxford. The remainder of his
life he spent partly in academical work at the University,
partly in ministerial work at Wimborne. He died in Oxford
in July, 1685, in the 70th year of his age, and was buried at
St. Michael's Church, where his monumental tablet still
remains, though it has been removed from its original
place in the chancel to a position at the west end of the
church.
Stone was not unmindful of the poor at both places of his
residence. At Oxford he founded the almshouses at St.
Clements. And by Will, bearing date 12th May, 1685, he
left all his lands, tenements, houses, and reversions, within
the parish of Wimborne, for the benefit, after the death of
his brothers and sisters, of the almsmen who should live in the
hospital of Saint Margaret's (the old leper hospital of St.
Margaret and St. Anthony, whose 13th century chapel still
remains).
He left his books to Wimborne Minster. For the most part
they are theological ; though there are also some volumes
dealing with historical, scientific, or more general subjects.
They may be described as a collection such as would form
the library of the Head of one of the smaller Colleges in
Oxford in the 17th Century.
The following extracts from the Wimborne Minster Church-
wardens' Account Books refer, the two first to the time of
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 23
Stone's restoration to his office as " Minister " of Wimborne ;
the others to the formation of the Library : —
£ s. d.
1660-61. It. payd fora hoode for Mr. Stone . 1.06.05
Memorand' that the new Table bord wh stood in ye Quire
is left at Mr. Stone's house. [Probably this was the table
round which the Communicants sat during the time when
the Independents were in power. There is a payment
recorded in 1655 for the benches used for their seats.
Upon three of these the houselling cloths are now placed.]
1685-86. Disbursements :—
Payd Dennis Smith for one hundred of Deal
boards for ye Library . . . 06.15.0
Payd the porters for Lading them . . 00.02.08
Payd for bringing them home from Poole . 00.10.00
Payd for carrying them into Church . . 00.00.10
Pd Rich. Morris and John Gill for slitting Deal
and doing other work . . . 00.16.06
Payd Edward Alles for Iron work about the
Library & other Ironwork about the
Church, &c. .... 03.08.03
Pd Jno Mackrill for Leths for the Library &
carriage of lead to ye Church . . 00.01.00
pd for bringing the bookes from Oxford as by bill
apeareth ..... 02.04.04
pd for bringing the books from the Caryer to the
Church 00.02.06
pd Samuell Pitman for brick lime hair and work-
manship about the Library . . .05.13.00
pd for cleaning the library 4 times . . 00.01.00
pd John Mackrill for timber and work about the
Library ..... 05.05.09
pd John Purches for work about the Library,
boards under the leads, and other work
about the Church .... 08.15.06
pd to Mr. Lloyd for money disbursed by him at
Oxford for boxes and nailing for the bookes 00.15.00
24 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
Some additions were made to the Library by Roger
Gillingham, of the Middle Temple, a native of Cowgrove,
Wimborne, who, by a codicil to his will, dated 2nd July,
1695, " gave for the use of the newly erected library of
Wimborne Minster various books in the said codicil
particularly stated to have been bought for the purpose
(including, amongst others, the Polyglott Bible and Lexicon),
and also such of his best books to the value of £10 (not being
law books) as were fitted for the use not only of the clergy
but of the gentry, shopkeepers, and better sort of inhabitants
in and about the said town, but not to be delivered until the
books, already given to the said library by Mr. William Stone
and others, should be chained in their places as usual in
public libraries, and until chains and places should be
provided for the books already given, for which purpose he
gave £10 to the churchwardens of the said church."
A MS. catalogue of the books, made in 1725, is still
in existence. They were again catalogued in 1863 by
Mr. W. G. Wilkinson, an under-master of the Grammar
School, and again in 1890 by William Blades.
Amongst the treasures of the Minster Library are
(1) A MS. dated 1343, entitled " Regimen Animarum,"-
a book of directions for priests in dealing with souls. And
(2) An " Incunabulum," (or book printed before the year
1500). It is a " black letter " copy of some Tractates of St.
Anselm, dated 1473.
Grimston's History of the Netherlands contains the
autograph of " Sir Walter Rawly."
William Blades (Books in Chains), writing in 1890, states
that there are seventeen volumes which are not in the British
Museum. This statement, however, is hardly correct now ;
though there are, so far as one can judge, eight books, or
editions, which the British Museum Library does not
Besides these two Chained Libraries, there are also in the
County of Dorset Chained Books at
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 25
IBBERTON, where the chained Book of Homilies, dated
1673, was examined by the members of the Field Club at
their meeting on Sept. 16th, 1913.
LYME REGIS, which possesses two chained volumes —
(a) a quarto black letter Geneva version of the Bible,
dated 1615, bound up with the Book of Common Prayer,
dated 1637, and (b) a black letter copy of Erasmus' Para-
phrase of the four Gospels, in which is the MS. note " This
Book pertaineth to Lyme Regis 1599." For a time these
books were lost ; but they were discovered in London and
restored to the Church, where they are now chained to their
original lectern.
LYTCHET MINSTER, where the Whole Duty, of Man,
with chain affixed, may be seen in a glass-fronted case near
the vestry door. Both chain and book were formerly in the
vestry detached, though the book had evidently previously
had a chain affixed. [The church, with the exception of the
tower, was entirely rebuilt in 1833-4.]
SPETISBURY. Here a copy of Jewel's Defence of the
Apology and other works (in black letter), dated 1631, was
removed from the church chest, in 1856, by the Rector,
Mr. Vizard, and was fastened to the bolt in the pillar on the
north side of the chancel arch, which, according to tradition,
was originally intended for the purpose.
STRATTON (CHARMINSTER), which possesses a copy
of Jewel's Apology, the date of which is about 1615. It
was formerly chained to an open reading desk. It was
repaired in 1890, and is now enclosed under glass.
STUDLAND, where a copy of the Life of Bishop Smythies
of the Universities Mission to Central Africa is chained to the
desk in the chancel, at the place where, as a boy, he used to
worship when his father was Vicar of the parish.
WIMBORNE MINSTER. Amongst the books in the
"chained Library" is a dilapidated copy of Bishop Jewel's
works (which it is intended before long to have repaired).
But the chain is of a very different pattern from those
affixed to all the other volumes in the Library. And,
26 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
moreover, it is fastened to the top edge of one of the boards,
instead of to the middle of the outer edge. MSS. notes of
baptisms, too, on some of the margins seem to prove that it
was at one time in the Church. There can be but little doubt
that this is the identical "B Jewel's booke " alluded to
above, which the Church accounts show was purchased and
and chained to a desk in the Minster in 1614.
There are those still alive who can remember two books, a
Bible and Prayer Book, and the Whole Duty of Man (dated
1702), chained to a desk in the Trinity Chapel at Wimborne
Minster. Shortly before the restoration of 1855-7 they were
removed to the (Chained) Library, where they are deposited
in the glass case in the centre of the room. The following
extract from the will of William Fitch, Esq., of High Hall,
dated 24th Feb., 1740, and proved 12th Dec., 1743 (P.C.C.,
Boycott 359) relates to them :—
" I desire a long reading desk may be fixt over the (Family)
Vault in Wombourne (sic), and that the Bible, the whole
duty of man, Mr. Nelson's f feasts and Fasts, and Doctor
Sherlock's Book concerning Death and the immortality of
the soul be chained to ly on the said desk."
And so we conclude with the thought of this good man,
whose devotional companions these books had been during
his life, bequeathing them to the church in which he had
been accustomed to worship, with the desire that after his
life on earth was over they might be helpful to the souls of
his fellow parishioners.
ant) ftortJanli Castles.
By HENRY SYMONDS, F.S.A.
1HE two fortresses which face each other across the
roadstead of Portland are said to have been
built by Henry VIII. as a protection against
invasion from the Channel, and although
there is no reason for doubting the statements
to that effect made by Hutchins and other
writers, I have been unable to find any
trace of an order to build, or any account of
the expenditure incurred when the castles were erected.
There is, however, a recital hidden away in an Act of Parlia-
ment of 1540, entitled " A bill for the subsidy," which touches
upon the subject. Among the reasons for the additional
taxation imposed by that Act was the cost of building and
arming many castles for the defence of the Kingdom, one of
those being the " bulwark at Portland," and it is said that
ten thousand men had been employed upon the various
works.
The two structures in question have always been the
property of the Crown, who appointed a governor, or
" captain," from time to time, and repaired the walls, &c.,
out of the public funds of the Exchequer. The details of
28 SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES.
these renewals have survived in some instances, and shed a
certain amount of light upon the methods of construction
and the varieties of armament in a coast fort of the Tudor
and Stuart periods.* The " new " castle of Portland was
no doubt a few years earlier in date than its neighbour,
Sandsfoot, and it differed from the latter in design ; but both
strongholds were from the beginning threatened by a common
danger, viz., encroachments by the sea. Apparently
Portland was thought to be more worthy of preservation, as
it is to-day almost unchanged in its main features, and is
occupied as a dwellinghouse by an officer of the garrison ;
whereas Sandsfoot is a picturesque ruin, with the southern
portion of its fabric lying upon the beach below the cliff on
which it formerly stood.
At the time of the Armada, Portland was held by one
hundred foot soldiers in addition to the gunners, the garrison
of Sandsfoot being fifty plus the artillerymen ; but neverthe-
less it would seem that the inhabitants of the district were
alarmed at the prospect, for they say in a letter of 1586 that
the Spaniards could land near Weymouth or Portland and
that her Majesty's two castles could not reach them with a
single shot. (Dom. State Papers.)
I have arranged the available information in chronological
order and in separate chapters, for convenience of reference.
The names of the officers of both castles are almost invariably
those of families connected with this county, and it is not
unlikely that the men, too, were locally recruited.
SANDSFOOT, OR WEYMOUTH, CASTLE.
The earliest mention of this castle which has come under
my notice is in 1541, when Maurice Rede was appointed for
* The eastward shore of Dorset was guarded by Brownsea Castle,
also built by Henry VIII., and by small forts or gun platforms at
Handfast Point and Peverel Point in Elizabethan times, but historical
facts are even more scanty with regard to those defences.
SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES. 29
life to the office of gunner (vibrellator) in the " house commonly
known as the blockhouse of Weymouth," at a fee of 6d. the
day (Patent rolls, 33 Henry VIII., part 3). This grant may
serve to date approximately the completion of the building,
as an official list of the King's fortresses in 1540 includes
Portland but is silent as to the Weymouth blockhouse, from
which it can be inferred that the latter was at all events
unfinished in that year.
In June, 1545, Philip Bonde, then master-gunner of
Sandefote Castle, was to receive one last, i.e. twenty -four
barrels, of serpentine powder, to be equally divided between
that place and Portland (cf. Acts of the Privy Council). This
is perhaps the first recorded instance of the use of the name
by which we now know the ruins.
During the reign of Edward VI., John Wadham (of
Catherstone) is mentioned in the Privy Council MBS. of 1550
as being the Captain of Sandsfoot, and two years later he is
instructed to dispense with the services of one of the five
gunners then on duty in the Castle ; this was presumably
from motives of economy, as a similar order was addressed
to Portland.
About thirty years later, a comparatively short period,
some of the external masonry and other portions of this fort
already needed reconstruction, not, indeed, from battering
by enemies, but from the wash of the tides. After the damage
had been made good, Sir George Trenchard sent to the
Exchequer an account of the work done there between 1584
and 1586, from which I have briefly abstracted a few
items —
New making two platforms, viz., the lower and higher keeps,
£116 8s. 3d.
Making 4 lead pipes within and one without the barbican, and other
pipes for the upper platform and the gatehouse.
Filling up the great gulf which was wrought by the sea on the east
side of the castle, and building a wall of ashlar upon the same, in height
22ft. and in length 60ft.
Repairing the gate of the outer ward.
30 SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES.
New making the vaults, being wholly decayed and sunk into ths
sea. Making 33 feet of stone gutters and a new bridge at the outer
gate. Repairing the stable and setting it upright.
Repairing the upper platform, of which certain principals of timber
and lead were " rent and broken by violence of a culveringe of brasse
which brake, being shott and discharged in tyme of an occasion of
service."
Supplying bars and cramps to support the lead work set over the
Queen's Majesty's arms. [This probably refers to the royal arms
worked in stone, now fixed in the chancel of Wyke church, having been
brought from Sandsfoot in 1825. The armorial coat would be that of
Elizabeth.] George Awdeney, " freemason," for taking down part of
the hall chimney and rebuilding it with a top piece cut and wrought in
divers vents thereby to convey the smoke, which otherwise at all winds
was very noisome.
Masons, plumbers, tilers, smiths, and carpenters were paid 12d. the
day, the total expenditure on repairs being £383 Os. 2d.
The outlay upon the weapons in the same years included axle trees
and wheels for the great ordnance ; nocking and trimming 40 bows
at 8d. each ; feathering 20 sheafs of arrows at 16d. each ; leather
bags for powder, and sheepskins for sponges for the ordnance. (P.R.O.
Declared acc'ts. Pipe office, 3570.)
In 1594 Sir Geo. Trenchard and Wm. Bampfield received a
joint grant of the office of Captain, with 12d. the day for
themselves and 18d. for three soldiers. It will be noticed
that the captain's pay is the same as that of the artificers
previously mentioned. (S.P. Dom. Elizabeth, Vol. 249.)
No other repairs were carried out during Elizabeth's reign,
but in 1602 the Queen asked for a special return as to the
number of brass ordnance throughout the country ; the list
shows that Sandsfoot possessed one culverin and one demi-
culverin of that metal.
During the two years 1610-11 Sir George Bampfield, the
captain, expended £211 5s. 6d. on reconstructive work and a
few additions, which included the following items —
Pulling down a ruined wall, laying a foundation 60ft. long, 6ft. deep,
and 10ft. thick, and rebuilding the old wall 15ft. above the foundations.
The carriage of " 400 tons of filling stuff " cost £20.
Making with ashlar stone the wall and parapet of a new platform and
laying paving stones there.
SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES. 31
Putting new ashlar in the most defective places of the castle.
Providing iron casements and glass, lead for the roof, tiles for the
stable, and timber for the lower platform and the bridge. The cost
altogether = £2 11 5s. 6d. (Declared acc'ts. Pipe office, 3582.)
We now reach a comprehensive report as to the condition
of this " bulwark " and its readiness for war. In the year
1623 James I. instructed Sir Richard Morryson and two other
officers to make an exact survey of all the royal fortifications
on the Thames and Medway, and from thence along the
south coast as far as Land's End. The recommendations
clearly indicate that Weymouth Castle was again in peril
from subsidence, notwithstanding all that had been done
some twelve years earlier. An abbreviated statement of the
result of the inspection is here quoted—
" The Institution."
. Sir Wm. Bamfield ; the reversioner being Sir Wm. Trenchard.
Thos. Pawlett, lieutenant, 9d. per diem.
Bryan Yates, porter, 8d. Richard Champpion, master gunner, 8d.
Henry Haider, Andrew Pitt, Wm. Cumphye and Nicholas Eyles,
gunners, 6d. The captain's three men, 6d.
Iron ordnance, serviceable, 10, viz., 1 culverin, 5 demi-culverins,
2 sakers, 1 minion, 1 fawcon.
225 round shot of iron. 501bs. musket shot. Powder and match.
9 ladles, complete (used for drawing the charge of a gun). Black
bills. Crowes. Cressetts unstaved. 20 pairs heads and rammers.
3 chain shot.
Unserviceable ordnance, &c.
" Calyvers with croked stocks." 1 saker, valued at 16. 16. 0.
Short and long pikes. Flasks and touch boxes with strings. Two
demi -culverin carriages to be cut shorter.
Reparations. In this castle (Sandsfoot) the middle square tower
is covered with lead, with a platform upon the same, the fourth part
being quite decayed. The leaks are to be repaired and covered with
boards pitched and strewed with shell sand. The platform being out
of use, and to prevent the charge of mending, is to be removed for better
service upon the lower battery which had been left unfinished by one
Gibbons.
All things else concerning the house are in very good repair.
At the lower battery upon the water, one corner thereof the water
hath undermined. The wall is of free stone very sufficiently built
against the water towards the east and would be very convenient
32 SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES.
towards the west with a like wall 30 feet high, four and a half rods long
(which makes nine rods of wall), 10ft. thick at the bottom and wrought
with Portland stone, at £30 18s. Od. a rod. This wall will prevent the
undermining of this corner of the battery and " it were needful that it
were looked unto in time " because the water daily undermines and eats
away the ground. By estimation the cost of the wall is £278 2s. Od.
There is round about this fort a rampier with two points, bullwarks,
enclosed with a dry overgrown moat. To make the moat deeper and
proportion the rampier with a parapet upon the same, as formerly
intended, which parapet is in length 47 rods at 42s. the rod, with cleans-
ing the moat ; and a single parapet without the rampier towards the
water is about 15 rods at 13s. Total £108 9s. Od.
The coming in of the fort wants a palisado ; the porch of brick is
ruined and uncovered, it must be arched and the main body of the
same vaulted, so that one may go over the vault from one rampier to the
other ; and in the same a portcullis should be placed, with a roof on
the top which may be used for an outward court of guard, together
with three sentinel houses about the walls. £57.
The whole charge by an estimate of the engineers will amount to
£459 Is. (Harleian MSS. 1326.)
We may assume that the renewals and additions mentioned
in this survey of 1623 were duly caried into effect, because
the castle proved itself to be a defensible fortress at the time
of the Civil War, when it was held for the King from August,
1643, to June, 1644. I believe that during this latter period
a Royalist mint was in operation within the walls of Sandsfoot
(Numismatic Chronicle 4 S., Vol. XIII., p. 119).
Until after the restoration of the Monarchy there is little
to be recorded, though the structure doubtless received many
hard knocks in the course of the protracted warfare. The
Domestic State Papers of Charles II. show that there was a
close association between the parishioners of Wyke Regis and
the neighbouring castle on the edge of the cliff, an association
which had existed at all events during the reign of Charles I.
and probably at an earlier date.
In 1661 (?) I find an order to the Sheriff of Dorset that the
soldiers kept for the garrison of Sandsfoot should be dis-
banded within four days and the arms taken in charge.
This was followed, in 1664, by a protest from the inhabitants
SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES. 33
of Wyke against the removal of the troops from the castle,
which had defended the country from foreign ships and had
been a place of security. Humphrey Weld, who was captain
during the last mentioned year, then presented a petition
alleging that the Duke of Richmond, as Lord-Lieutenant,
had fined the men of Wyke who were the King's immediate
tenants, and, as such, bound to furnish arms and constant
service for the defence of Sandsfoot ; that these men were
therefore exempt from duties incident to the rest of the
Dorset militia ; that the Duke's agents had taken possession
of the castle, and that he (Weld) had been deposed from his
deputy-lieutenancy .
This petition was referred to the Duke of Albemarle and
other statesmen, who reported on 13th January, 1664-5,
after having heard the evidence of both parties, that Sandsfoot
should be demolished as being unserviceable to the King ;
that the sixteen men (of Wyke) then bound to defend the
Castle should be transferred to the militia to serve with that
body ; and that Weld should be restored to the dignity of
which he had been deprived. (S.P. Dom. Charles II., Vols. 47,
90, and 106.)
As a matter of fact, the Castle was not " slighted," a
contemporary euphemism for deliberate destruction, but it
would seem that the report of 1664-5 fixes the period after
which no attempt was made to preserve the building, although
it was used as a store house for arms as late as 1691. At an
unknown date before 1725 the Tudor " blockhouse " had
become a ruin, as is proved by a note upon a map of Portland
Castle to be presently mentioned.
I believe that no picture exists which represents Sandsfoot
before it fell into decay. It is true that Delamotte's Guide
to Weymouth (2nd Ed., 1789) contains a ground plan showing
the " barbican," a gun platform with a pentagonal front,
which faced the sea at the southern end of the main rectangular
building. Whence Delamotte obtained his information is
at present a mystery, as it is probable that the barbican had
subsided on to the beach long before 1789. The dimensions
34 SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES.
given by him are 100ft. by 50ft., but as the plan is not drawn
to scale it is difficult to say whether the measurements apply
to the rectangular portion alone or to the entire structure.
Of views which show the ruins there are many, the earliest
of them being perhaps the engraving by Buck, produced
about 1735 ; but none of these prints afford us much help
in constructing a mental picture of the original fort in the
light of the written records quoted in the foregoing pages.
I will add that the Crown continued to appoint a governor
for more than fifty years after Sandsfoot had been abandoned
to the storms. As recently as 1795 Gabriel Tucker Steward
was the captain of the derelict castle.
PORTLAND CASTLE.
The history of the " new " Castle upon the sea shore appears
to begin in the 31st year of Henry VIII., shortly before the
earliest known mention of Sandsfoot, and I may say that no
allusion to the older fortress now called Rufus, or Bow and
Arrow, Castle occurs in the records of the period under con-
sideration ; therefore, Rufus Castle had been presumably
dismantled before the middle of the sixteenth century, if it
was a royal and not a feudal stronghold.
In 1540 a list was prepared of the names of persons in the
King's fortresses, among which " Portland bulwark " was
the solitary place of arms within the borders of Dorset.
The captain was Thomas Marvin, who received 12d. the day,
with an allowance of 6d. daily for two men. The gunners
were four in number, viz., Robt. Skogan, John Waclin, John
Holman, and John Hill, whose pay was 6d. the day respec-
tively. (Exch. acc'ts 60 — 4.)
A change in the governorship took place in February,
1545-6, when John Leweston was appointed as Lieutenant
of the island and Captain of the Castle from the 31st Deer,
then last, with a salary of 16d. the day during his life. The
grant also authorised him to nominate a deputy and to elect
SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES. 35
thirteen meet and able men who were to be " daily abiding
there," that is to say, two porters, six gunners, and five
soldiers. (Pat. roll, 14 Elizabeth, part 8.) It is remarkable
that these offices were conferred upon Leweston under the
seal of the Court of Augmentations, and that the expenses
were to be paid by its receivers in the counties of Somerset
and Dorset. As we know that this Court was set up by
Henry VIII. for the purpose of administering the revenues of
the suppressed monasteries, it is not improbable that the cost
of building the two castles, as well as the pay of their garrisons,
was in part provided out of ecclesiastical funds. On this
point I will recall the tradition that the stonework of
Sandsfoot was brought from Bindon Abbey.
At the time of the rebellion in the west country against
Edward VI., Portland Castle had furnished some military
stores, which were replaced in 1552 ; these items consisted of
two Hamburg barrels and two Flemish barrels of serpentine
powder, together with 24 bows and the same number of
sheaves of arrows. In 1554 John Leweston, described as of
Leweston, enters into a recognizance (with a penalty of 1,000
marks) whereby he undertakes to defend the castle on behalf
of Queen Mary with all his power, cunning, and industry,
and that if his own power should be insufficient he would call
in the sheriffs of adjoining shires, warning them to come to
his assistance. For an unknown reason the Captain was
superseded a few years afterwards, and his post given to
George Strangways, but the latter was in turn relieved of
the office on account of sickness in May, 1557, when Leweston
was re-appointed to his former duties. (Acts of the Privy
Council, passim.)
Passing on to Elizabeth's reign, I find that Charles Arundel
received in 1572 a reversionary grant of the governorship of
the castle and island after the death of Leweston, but as the
latter survived until 1584, it is doubtful whether Arundel
was ever in command there. (Pat. roll, 14 Elizabeth, part 8.)
We now obtain a little information concerning the structure
and its equipment. In the month of October, 1574, Leweston
36 SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES.
signed a certificate as to " the wants " of the establishment,
in which he says that
The whole platform upon the keep is in great decay and requires
much timber for its repairs.
He asks for fifty calevers (handguns) and their furniture, also for
four pieces of brass, being sakers, and forty-four shot for each piece,
in place of two demi-culverings of cast iron and three iron slings and
four bases, which pieces had been condemned and were not serviceable.
(Dom. State Papers. Eliz.)
I have already mentioned Sir George Trenchard's account
of the renovations at Sandsfoot between April, 1584, and
October, 1586, and I will here cite a few extracts from that
part of the document which relates to Portland during the
same period.
New making two platforms, viz., the lower and upper keeps, at a
cost of £148 Os. 7d.
Mending the roof over the captain's lodging ; eleven new pipes of
lead. New laying the lead over the hall, and repairing the porter's
lodge. Making a little house, or " skeelinge," of boards to put the
gun ladles and sponges in.
Digging two saw pits, and providing sand for casting the lead. The
total cost was £228 14s. 8Jd. (Declared accounts. Pipe office 3570.)
About this time a governor who is not included in Hutchins*
list comes upon the scene. In 1592 Sir Walter Raleigh had
added to his many other occupations by filling the dual office
of Lieutenant of the island and Captain of the fort, but the
routine duties were then performed by a deputy named
Nicholas Jones. Twelve months later, Sir Walter was in
correspondence with the Government, who had required him
to put the castle into a proper condition for defence. He
told the Privy Council in August, 1593, that there had been
no good ordnance at Portland since the brass cannon and
best pieces were taken away by an officer for use in the
Queen's ships, and he asked for a new supply, as they were
then defenceless. In all probability this requisition was only
partially satisfied, because the survey of James I. mentioned
SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES. 37
various types of artillery, but no brass guns of any kind. A
second complaint by the Governor as to the deficiencies at
the castle proves that the statesman-soldier had then been
succeeded by his brother, Carew Raleigh, who wrote a letter
as captain in 1596 to the effect that his garrison had been
employed for other services, and that he wished for 100 men
to be held in readiness in the country near to Portland.
When speaking of Sandsfoot I alluded to a report by Sir
Richard Morryson on the condition of that fort in 1623 ; the
corresponding inspection of Portland furnished similar details
as to the latter castle at the same date —
The Institution.
Sir Carew Rawleigh, captain, and the reversioner is Gilbert Rawley.
John Bone, lieutenant, 12d. the day.
Robert Westrom and William Williams, the outer and inner porters,
Sd. each.
Robert Hone, master gunner, 8d.
The men (names omitted) 6d. each.
Iron ordnance, &c., serviceable.
3 culverings, 9 demi-culverings, 1 saker,; total 13.
1 field carriage for culvering, and 3 for demi-culverings.
7 ladles complete, for cannon.
Round shot of iron, 899.
Also powder, match, muskets, bandeleers, moulds, long pikes, black
bills, crowes, heads and rammers, cressets, 20 bedds and 40 coynes
<( wedges).
Unserviceable ordnance, &c.
2 sakers of iron, valued at £33 12s., and 9 field carriages for cannon,
valued at £70 13s. 4d.
Also sponges, muskets, flasks and touch boxes.
Reparations.
In this castle, on the upper platform are several defects and leaks in
the lead by which the " seeling " and joists under the same are decayed
and ready to drop down. The joists must be supported with stone
"" cartowses " and timber along the wall of freestone, but this cannot
prevent the further rottenness of the woodwork. Alternatively, the
lead may be sold and a sloping roof of sufficiently strong tiles provided,
as no ordnance was used on that roof, which was only a covering of
the house. By estimation this would cost £110 4s.
Uopn the second battery the platform is very good, but it must
foe removed to repair the leaks of the lead — £4 10s.
38 SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES.
Also, upon the lower battery where five pieces (of artillery) stand,
each of them wants a platform which will cost £16 10s. Also, in the
same room the lodgings for gunners, of which one is half decayed, must
be newly lathed and plastered, with several partitions to the same ;
also, about the house, removing the staircase which "hinders the
traversering of a piece " ; making a door at the coming in ; mending
glass windows and the bridge at the coming in, with a palisado before
it. Estimated to amount to £41 9s. 6d.
Upon the south-west side of the bridge the moat is overgrown and
must be dug wider and deeper, and enclosed on the inside with a stone
wall 26 rods long to the bridge, at 35s. the rod, which will cost, with
digging the moat, £45 10s.
Also, towards the north-west side of the bridge the moat is daily
overflowed by the sea, so that at high water there is no passage to the
castle on that side ; there, the moat must be mended with a counter-
scarp to withstand the sea and prevent its overflowing, which being 15
rods in length, at 45s. a rod, with cleansing the moat, together with a
stone traverse towards the sea to keep the water in the moat and resist
the force of the sea on that side, will amount to £68 15s.
The main defect in this castle, as in several others, is that it is under-
mined by the waves of the sea ; there is fallen down some 4 rods of
freestone wall about 5 feet high which is to be new made, and it will
cost to do it substantially £7 a rod, £28. For preventing the like
accident, which may cause the ruin of this fort, there must be 80 rocks
of 3, 4 or 5 tons apiece laid before the same for a bank against the force
of the water, each rock being brought from several places about the
island by water, which would amount to about £240.
The whole sum by the engineer's estimate is £554 18s. 6d. There is
missing a brass piece of ordnance whereof the lieutenant is to give an
account, also of 10 men at 6d. the day whom we found to be deficient
at our being there.
An old trench without the wall of the castle, more dangerous than
profitable, is to be thrown down at the charge of the islanders. (Harl.
MSS. 1326.)
As in the case of Sandsfoot, I think we may believe that
Henry VIII. 's bulwark at Portland was restored, shortly after
1623, to a condition approaching its former strength. During
the Civil War it was held in turn by both parties, and its
resistance under Colonel Wm. Ashburnham until April, 1646,
proved to be the last serious effort on behalf of the Royalist
cause in Dorset. The Commonwealth Government placed
one company of troops in charge of the fort, a better provision
SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES. 39
than was made for Sandsfoot, which is alleged to have been
defended by three old men in 1653, and therefore of no value
" if the Dutch had a mind to land."
One other fact remains to be mentioned. An excellent
ground plan of Portland Castle, dated 1725, is preserved in
the British Museum, the scale being one inch to twenty feet.
The drawing shows a building with a semi-circular face of
masonry over-looking the sea, and protected on the landward
side by a walled enclosure, the general appearance strongly
resembling the fort as it is at the present day ; and I feel no
doubt that the drawing also gives a faithful picture of the
original structure without any material change. At the
foot of the plan the draughtsman added a note to the effect
that the use of this castle was to protect trading vessels
against privateers, and that it was well situated for that
purpose, the guns being near the surface of the water ; whereas
Weymouth Castle, two miles distant, stood on ground that
was too high, which was probably the reason why that castle
was demolished and Portland alone kept in repair. (Brit.
Mus., King's Library, Crown XII., 24.)
Although we may not altogether agree with the suggested
cause of the abandonment of Sandsfoot, the memorandum is
interesting as the expression of an opinion held by a military
engineer in the first half of the eighteenth century.
POSTSCRIPT.
Since the foregoing paper was set up in type I have found
certain accounts among the State Papers of Edward VI. for
the year 1552 which appear to contain the amount of the
original expenditure when these two castles were built.
The information is set out in the form of a " brief declaration "
of the whole naval and military expenses incurred by
Henry VIII. and Edward VI. during the wars against France
and Scotland, the total sum being nearly three and a half
millions sterling.
40 SANDSFOOT AND PORTLAND CASTLES.
The figures which more immediately concern my subject
are thus stated —
" Fortifications in the late King's time " (i.e. Henry VIII.).
" The castell or forte of Portlande, £4,964 19s. lOfd.
" The castell of Sandfote, £3,887 4s. 2d.
(S.P. Dom. Edw. VI. Vol. XV., No. 11.)
Intoentorp of 1627.
By NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A.
• «5£«a^«-
time ago I had the good fortune to meet
with, in a bookseller's catalogue, an
inventory of " the goods and chatles of
William Edmonds alias Younge of Wood-
cotte in the parish of Handley in the
Countie of Dorset yeoman deceased taken
and praysed the f owerteenth day of January
by William Clarke John Coumbe and Henry
Thorne Anno Domini 1627."
The Inventory is contained in a parchment roll about 45
inches long and six inches wide, indented at the top, i.e. cut
off from the original parchment in a wavy line, so that by
fitting it to the other piece it may be proved to be the original
and authentic document. Hence the term " indenture."
The house which contained the goods and chattels would
-appear to have been that of a superior farmer, and better
furnished than the average, as far as my small experience of
inventories of that date goes. There were ten or eleven
rooms with furniture in them, besides possibly empty garrets,
which are described as follows : — (1) Hall, (2) Roome within
42 AN INVENTORY OF 1627.
the Hall, (3) Buttery, (4) Kitchin, (5) Brewhouse, (6) Mill-
house, (7) Woollhouse, (8) Ghuest's Chamber, (9) Chamber
over the Hall, (10) The little Chamber, (11) At the Stayer
head. This last was probably only a landing, and some of
the others may have been outhouses.
The Hall was handsomely furnished with two carpets, two
table boards, one chair, probably for the master, or possibly
the mistress, three forms, eight join stools, and 10 cushions.
The rest consisted of a pair of iron " andiers " (which are, I
presume, what we call andirons) and one copper candlestick —
rather a poor light for supper if no more were used, but there
were plenty, three of pewter and five of brass, in the Buttery.
In the room within the hall were two table boards and a pair
of tables. I do not know whether it is so, but I presume that
table boards may be boards supported on moveable trestles,
and tables are so called when made as one piece of furniture.
There were in the house six bedsteads, of which only one,
that in the Guest's Chamber, had curtains, and three truckle-
beds, the Room within the Hall and the Woolhouse having
each one bedstead, but apparently no bedclothes, though
the others are well supplied with them, the two standing
bedsteads and the trucklebed in the Chamber over the Hall
boasting three feather beds, seven feather bolsters, seven
coverlids and five pairs of blankets, though only one pillow I
I think, however, that the pillows must have got mixed, as,
for the bedstead and trucklebed in the Little Chamber, there
are no less than six pillows. In addition to the ordinary
bedclothes the Guest Chamber bedstead has an Arras cover-
lid, I suppose of Arras tapestry, and a rug. This and the
Chamber over the Hall are carpeted. There are also three
beds for servants, which are enumerated amongst such
things as hurdles and flitches of bacon ; but where they were
placed I cannot tell, perhaps under the latter, or in some loft.
The linen is kept in two presses, one chest and one box at the
stairhead, and consists of 20 pairs of sheets, six pairs of
pillow-ties (probably pillow-cases with strings instead of
buttons), three cupboard cloths and one damask board cloth,
AN INVENTORY OF 1627. 43
a dozen napkins, but only nine towels. Baths are not
mentioned, but they appear to have been dropped when the
Romans left England, and are quite modern institutions, Early
Victorian, I think, if not later, and perhaps in 50 years more
will be considered as dangerous to health as they probably
were at the time I am speaking of. There were several
chests, coffers, and cupboards in the house, and one livery
cupboard ; only three chairs, but not much else in the way
of furniture besides what I have already mentioned. In the
Kitchen were many pewter utensils, three salts, a flagon, 18
platters (as well as 10 dozen wooden trenchers), two dozen
pottingers, two dozen saucers, two basins, two plats (I suppose
dishes), two dozen spoons, also a basin and ewer, perhaps of
this material, in the Guest's Chamber only, no means of
washing being found elsewhere. There were no knives
(except two mincing knives) or forks (except garden forks),
and probably each used his own knife which he carried about
with him in a sheath, and his fingers. There were of brass,
four pots, six kettles, six pans, one ladle, and perhaps other
kitchen things, the material of which is not mentioned. The
only silver was one silver salt and seven silver spoons, valued at
£5 13s. 4d. What would they not fetch now ? There was a sum
of £70 in money in the house, and the wearing apparel was
priced at £20 . In the kitchen were two muskets and other arms .
A good part of the Inventory is occupied with the farm stock —
14 kine, 10 bullocks and 10 other beasts, nine carthorses and
two mares, 88 wethers, 76 ewes, 61 hogs and four fat swine,
besides 17 other pigs, £1 worth of unnumbered poultry,
besides all the wheat, barley, oats, and peas, and farm
implements. The last items are 14 flitches of bacon
£4 13s. 4d., bees in the garden 5s. Od., and one chattell lease
in Woodcotte £100, the total being stated to be £659 17s. 6d.,
which I think is incorrect. I make it £675 17s. 6d.
The spelling of the names of the various articles is fairly
consistent, though not in accordance with our practice, and
some of them are not well known in the present day. A
" sull " is a plough of some sort ; a " willy," a large wicker
44 AN INVENTORY OF 1627.
basket ; a " renge " probably the same as a range or bolting
sieve to sift meal ; a " serch," which is in the same item as
various sieves, may be the same as a sarse, scarce, or searse,
which is a fine sieve. " Reckes " in the item " Reckes and
Hurdells £1 " I cannot make out. It is not rakes, for
" rackes " comes just above in association with shovels,
picks, forks, and iron wedges and similar implements for
13s. 4d. It cannot be ricks, as hay is mentioned elsewhere
at £8, and ricks would even then be worth much more than £1,
not including hurdles. It may mean racks for putting hay
into for feeding sheep, &c. Mr. H. Symonds tells me he
has seen this word meaning a small basket, in a
17th cent. Somerset document.* I am not sure if a " saive "
means a sieve, as we have " 6 seives " just below. " 3
grunters " in the Millhouse, associated with " one henn Coope
and one Tubb " at 6s. 8d. are, I am told, probably the same
as " grintings " or " grintons " (spelling uncertain), and
mean bins with divisions for corn for grinding. They cannot
be pigs, as they are amply provided for elsewhere. " Skillets "
are, I believe, bowls with long handles, to be used as saucepans.
" One Charter " associated with " two basons and two pewter
plats," I do not know the meaning of. One or two friends
have suggested that it is a misspelling for charger, and
this may be so, but it is only a guess. " Fower payre of
Hangings " associated with iron spits, dripping pans, pot
hooks, &c., are probably some kind of hooks. Trendells,
couells, silt trowes, and stoninge trowes are found in the
Brewhouse. Silt trowes are salting troughs for bacon, and
stoninge trowes doubtless troughs for some other purpose.
Trendells are said by Webster to be weights or posts in a mill.
Mrs. Richardson tells me, however, that the shallow tubs used
for washing butter are called trendies. Mr. Symonds gives
me another meaning, a cooler for beer, also called " keever."
* NOTE. — Since writing the above, I find that " Reckes " are small
gateways fitted with side rollers to let the lambs run out of the
hurdles, while keeping in the ewes.
AN INVENTORY OF 1627. 45
This seems more probable in this connection. He also says
of " couell " or " covell " — " Can this be a variant of cowl or
coul, a wooden tub with ears for use with a stick in
carrying it ? " Dr. March says the word is used in Cornwall
and Devon to denote a sort of basket. The Inventory is
well written, though many of the letters are different from
our present ones, but I think I have deciphered all the words
correctly.
I will read out a few of the items from the list itself, to
show some of the prices.
Hall. £ s. d.
Two carpatts and Tenn Kushings . . . . . . 0 13 4
Room within the Hall.
Two table bords, one Beedsteed, one Cubberd, and
a payre of Tables . . . . . . . . 100
Kitchin.
One Dossen and halfe of pewter platters . . . . 1 10 0
Six brasse kittells 200
Two Musketts, two swordes, three daggers, one
Corslett, and a pike . . . . . . . . 300
Woollhouse.
Fower weight of wooll and a weight of lokes . . 700
Ghuests' Chamber.
Two feather beds, Three boulsters, two pillowes,
two payre of Blanketts, one Arrace Coverlead,
and one Rugge . . . . . . . . . . 700
At the Stayer head.
Twentie payre of Sheets .. .. .. ..1500
Nyne Towells 0 10 0
His apparell both linnen and woollen . . 20 0 0
Three score and seaven acres of wheate . . . . 67 0 0
Fowerteene Kyne 30 0 0
Nyne Carthorses with there harnes . . . . . . 30 0 0
Fower fatt swyne 368
46 AN INVENTORY OF 1627.
I have brought also for comparison another Inventory of
1640, but this gives no values, and refers to a much more
important house at Craford (doubtless Crayford in Kent).
This is much easier to read than the Handley one, though
only 13 years later, so that I have not transcribed it — with
the exception of the ee and ss and some of the spelling, it
differs little from the writing of the present day. The pewter
comprised no less than 58 dishes, besides plates and other
things, and there is a good deal of silver, Turkey carpets and
Turkey work, French chairs and carpets, tapestry and other
hangings and curtains, but remarkably little furniture except
bedsteads and chairs. It looks as if it might have been made
by an amateur, perhaps the owner, Mr. Robert Draper, and
he may have got tired of it before he came to the end, as one
sometimes does, I fear, with such lists ! But it is very
interesting as far as it goes. I will not enter into further
details, as it is not the subject of my paper, but pass it round
so that those who wish may study it at leisure.
TRANSCRIPTION OF INVENTORY ON PARCHMENT ROLL 45iN.
BY 6lN., BELONGING TO N. M. RlCHARDSON.
A true and perfect Inventory indented conteyning all the goods
and Chatles of William Edmonds alias Younge of Woodcotte in the
parish of Handley in the Countie of Dorset yoman deceased taken and
praysed the Fowerteenth day of January by William Clarke John
Coumbe and Henry Thorne Anno Domini 1627 etc.
£ s. d.
Imprimis in the Hall Two Table bordes three formes
Eyght ioyne stooles and one Chayer . . . . 100
Item Two Carpatts & Tenn Kushings . . . . 0134
Item one payre of Iron Andiers & a Copper Candelstick 034
Item in the Roome within the Hall Two Table bords
One Beedsteed One Cubberd & a payre of Tables 100
Item in the Buttery Three Hogesheads Seaven barrells
Three timber flaggens & three timber horses to
beare the barrells .. .. .. .. .. 100
Item three pewter Candelsticks five brasse Candel-
sticks Two tinninge booles three pewter saltes &
one pewter flaggen .. .. .. .. .. 0 18 0
AN INVENTORY OF 1627. 47
£ s. d.
Item Ten dossen of Trenchers . . . . . . . . 034
Item in the Kitchin one dossen and halfe of pewter
platters . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 0
Item Two dossen of pewter pottengers . . . . . . 168
Item Two dossen of Pewter sawsers . . . . . . 068
Item Two basons one Charter & Two pewter plats . . 0 13 4
Item Two dossen of pewter spoones . . . . . . 010
Item Fower brasse potts. . .. .. .. .. 2134
Item Nyne Skilletts .. 100
Item Six brasse kittells .. .. .. .. .. 200
Item Six brasse pannes .. .. .. .. .. 300
Item one Chafinge Dishe one pisell & morter a skimer
& a brasse ladell ... . . . . . . . . 040
Item Seaven Iron spitts two payre of Iron Andiers
Fower payre of Hangings three payre of pott-
hookes one griddier one fyershoule one payre of
tongs two dripinge pannes & a fender . . . . 1150
Item Two Musketts two swordes three daggers one
Corslett & a pike .. .. .. .. .. 300
Item one Birdinge peece .. .. .. .. .. 068
Item Two minceinge knives one Cleaner one fleshoock
& a Treiuat .. .. .. .. .. .. 026
Item one Table borde three formes one Chayer one
Treay and two booles . . . . . . . . 068
Item in the Brewhouse one furnace . . . . . . 0 13 4
Item Fower Vates Six Trendells Fower Couells & Six
payles 100
Item one silt Trowe .. .. .. .. .. 034
Item Two stoninge Trowes . . . . . . . . 068
Item in the Millhouse one malt mill . . . . . . 0 10 0
Item Three grunters one henn Coope & one Tubb . . 068
Item a well buckett & a Roope . . . . . . . . 068
Item in the Woollhouse Fower weight of wooll & a
weight of lokes .. .. .. .. .. 700
Item one beddsteede .. .. .. .. .. 050
Item in the Ghuests Chamber one Table borde one
lyvery Cubberd two formes Three stooles one
Chayer one Chest & a Carpit . . . . . . 1 10 0
Item one bason & yewer & a payer of Iron Andiers . . 010 0
Item one standinge Bedsteed with Curtins & a
Truckellbedsteede 2100
Item Two feather beeds Three boulsters two pillowes
two payre of Blanketts one Arrace Coverlead &
one Rugge .. .. .. .. .. .. 700
48 AN INVENTORY OF 1627.
£ s. d.
Item Five pewter Chamber potts . . . . . . 050
Item in the Chamber over the hall Two standinge
Bedsteeds one Truckellbed one Table bord and
one presse . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 0
Item one Chest & Two Coffers . . . . . . . . 050
Item Three feather beeds Seaven feather Bolsters &
one pillowe .. .. .. .. .. .. 500
Item Seaven Coverleads Five payre of blancketts one
payre of Curtins & one Carpitt . . . . . . 6134
Item one still . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 10 0
Item in the little Chamber one standing bedsteed and
a Truckelbed 100
Item Two feather beeds Three bolsters and Six pillowes 500
Item Three Coverleads two payre of blancketts & one
payre of Curtines .. .. .. .. .. 200
Item Fower Coffers one presse and a box . . . . 0 10 0
Item one Silver Salt & Seaven silver spoones .. .. 5 13 4
Item at the Stayer head two presses one Chest & one
box 300
Item for linnen Twentie payre of sheets . . . . 1500
Item Six payre of pilloties . . . . . . . . 1 10 0
Item Three Cupbord Clothes . . . . . . . . 100
Item Nyne Towels 0 10 0
Item one damaske bord Cloth and a dossen of
Napkines . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10 0
Item Two diaper bord clothes and a dossen of Napkins 200
Item Ten other bord clothes and Three dossen of
Napkins 4 10 0
Item in money . . . . . . . . . . 70 0 0
Item his apparell both linnen and woollen . . . . 20 0 0
Item Threescore and Seaven Acres of wheate . . . . 67 0 0
Item of wheate in the Barnes treshed & vnthreshed . . 40 0 0
Item of Barley in the Barnes threshed & vnthreshed . . 60 0 0
Item of woats and pease in the barne . . . . . . 400
Item for Malt .. .. .. .. .. .. 168
Item for haye .. .. .. .. .. .. 800
Item Fowerteene Kyne . . . . . . . . . . 30 0 0
Item Fower beasts of Three yeres of age . . . . 6134
Item Six Beasts of Two yeres of age . . . . . . 700
Item Ten yearlinge bullockes .. .. .. .. 6134
Item Two hackney Mares .. .. .. ..1200
Item Nyne Carthorses with there harnes . . . . 30 0 0
Item one yonge Coult .. .. .. ., .. 100
Item Fowerscore & Eyght Weathers 32 0 0
AN INVENTORY OF 1627. 49
£ s. d.
Item Threescore & Sixteene yewes . . . . 24 0 0
Item Threescore & one hoges . . . . . . ..1800
Item Fower Fatt Swyne .. .. .. .. .. 368
Item Seaventeene other pigges . . . . . . . . 400
Item for poultery .. .. .. .. .. .. 100
Item two Irebound Carts Six Sulls six harrowes one
dragg Three Ladders & a Rowler . . . . . . 600
Item Three payre of plow Irons one Iron barr two
payre of Fetters and Two plow chaynes . . . . 170
Item Three Cart Ropes two Cart lynes two winnowing
sheets Eyghteene sackes a Bushell & a peck . . 200
Item one Sieth fiue Reapehocks one hatchet one
hoocke one Pickax one spade two shoules six corne
pickes, three forckes ten Rackes Fower Iron
wedges & a saive . . . . . . . . . . 0 13 4
Item for Reckes and hurddells . . . . . . . . 100
Item one willy Six seives a Renge and a serch . . . . 068
Item three bedds for servants . . . . . . . . 200
Item for Wood and Timber 500
Item fowerteene niches of Bacon . . . . . . 4134
Item for Butter and Chease 400
Item for Bees in the garden . . . . . . . . 050
Item one Chattell lease in Woodcotte 100 0 0
£ s. d.
Sum totall . 659 17 6
of ti)e
By AUBREY EDWARDS.
S a field naturalist in a small way I wish to bring
to the notice of the Members of this Natural
History Field Club the wonderful night-
soaring habit of the swifts.
I will take it that my fellow-members are
well acquainted with this bird Cypselus apus
of the family Cypsdidae of the order Picariae,
except as to its habit of roosting in the sky,
which was first discovered by my brother, Cyril Edwards
(now Rector of Mottisfont, in Hampshire), and myself in
1886, and published by me in a letter to Nature of October
27, 1887.
My excuse for bringing this matter before you is that,
though it has been published as just mentioned in 1887 and
later in the Selborne Society's Magazine in 1890, January —
May, and by Mr. Wichell in Knowledge, June 1, 1897, and
often noticed in short paragraphs in The Field, and again by
myself in a lecture to the Bournemouth Natural Science
Society in December, 1912, very few people have heard of it,
and fewer still believe it. And it is not everyone who has
the opportunity of observing it. In a Field Club like this
I feel sure there will be some who can and will investigate
THE NIGHT-SOARING OF THE SWIFTS. 51
this most wonderful exhibition of wingmanship of this merry
and wonderful bird.
I can take it for granted that you all know that the swift
has nothing to do with the swallow, but is a relation of the
nightjar and the hummingbird. That it is a dark olive
brown bird (with a white chin), weighing 1 Joz. and measuring
7Jin. in length, with the comparatively enormous stretch of
wing of 15 J inches. That its four claws all point forward
and are very sharp, that the sole of the foot extends to the
joint above, and you might call the bird plantigrade. That
the foot is designed for clinging on to rocks and walls. That
the bird cannot sit on a bough ; it can only lie along a ledge.
That the shape of the body is like a slightly flattened fish,
with perfect streamlines and nothing projecting to catch
the wind. That the bird does not seem to bend the last
joint of its wings in flight, but always keeps them widely
stretched, never folded back like those of the swallow. That
its dark brown eye is deeply set with an embrasure cut out
so that the bird can see straight ahead. That it arrives in
pairs in the first week in May and leaves about the llth of
August — the last to come and the first to go. That it pairs
for life, and comes back to the same nest year after year.
That its one note is a shrill scream, which, when uttered in
chorus as the birds are flying round in rings, is the most
joyous of all the birdsongs in this land. You will know that,
in spite of what all the bird books say, the swift, if unwounded
and in good health, can rise from the level ground if it has
headroom and is not soaked in long, wet grass. That it
never settles on the ground or at any other place than its
own nest, except when it is exploring for a nesting-place.
That it does everything in the air except make its nest, lay
its eggs, incubate, and feed its young. That it eats, drinks,
mates, and gathers materials for its nest on the wing.
That it roosts on the wing, I am not taking for granted
that you know.
But if you have lived a few yards from a Church where
many pairs of swifts nested, and have studied them for the
52 THE NIGHT-SOARING OF THE SWIFTS.
best part of your life, and have read Gilbert White's
monograph on the swift in his Natural History of Selborne,
you will know that the eggs — two or sometimes three — take
19 to 21 days to hatch, and that the young, which are blind
for nine days, take six weeks to reach maturity. That they
remain in the nest, never leaving it till they fly to Africa —
probably without resting. That these and all other summer
migrants come here only to breed, and leave as soon as the
young are ready to fly ; and that, unlike the swallows, the
swifts have only one brood. That the hen alone tends the
young. That its nest is bound together by the glutinous
saliva of the swift. And doubtless, if you have had my
opportunities, you have, when you realised the difficulty they
have in procuring materials in the air, scattered feathers
from the soundholes and watched them race for these, and
noted how, though not a swift was in sight at first, soon the
air was full of the dark forms capturing feather after feather
till they seemed to have long white moustaches streaming
out on each side. And when you have been watching up
amongst the bells in the church tower, and taking notes of
dates day after day, you may have been set back a whole
year by a wretched mouse killing the bird you were watching
to ascertain its rate of growth. You will know what beautiful
glossy birds the young ones are, with their quill feathers
edged with light and with their pink feet. You will know
that the swift can fast for a long time, but that cold weather
numbs and eventually kills it. That its food consists ex-
clusively of winged insects, which it cannot take except in
the air, as it is too highly specialised to be able to pick a fly
off a window. You will know what merry and playful birds
they are, and that they have been evolved for a life in the air.
I thought the members might like to be reminded of a few
of the interesting facts they know about the swifts before
coming to the point of this paper — The Night-soaring of the
Swifts.
If you will watch the swifts at sunset on a fine evening
you will see them all gather together and fly about in all
THE NIGHT-SOARING OF THE SWIFTS. 53
directions, like distracted spirits, for some time. Then, as the
dusk creeps on, you will see them get into order, form them-
selves into a flock, and ascend into the sky in wide spirals,
screaming all the time. They will disappear from sight
several times, but come round again, and at last they will
rise so high that they are lost to the sight of the unaided
eye, though with a binocular you can see them for some
minutes longer. Then the sound ceases, and the stars are out.
If after watching them up you had sat on a tombstone
under the eaves where they build, till half -past ten (with
watchers on the other side of the church) to make sure that
no bird returned to the nests, and on other nights alone till
eleven, you would know each time that they didn't come
back to their nests that night.
At first — say till the first of June — all the birds go up
together, but when the eggs are laid the hen stays at home ;
and a male bird may often be seen driving a late -flying hen
back to the nest before he goes up with the others. Mr.
W. A. Wichell, the author of The Evolution of Bird Song,
pointed out the meaning of this performance to me — the
swoop of the one bird at the other and the escape of the
latter, who, however, is always brought back to the nest at
last. White of Selborne notices that the hens come out to
feed in the evening. I proved this by cutting some of their
tails square.
There is no question that the swifts go up into the air out
of sight on a fine night, and that they stay away till the
morning ; but what proof is there that they remain on the
wing ?
Though convinced that they do, I cannot prove it, and,
though I have watched them up a hundred times, I have
never seen them come down again.
But a farm boy to whom Mr. W. H. Hudson was talking,
near Wells, told him that they remained flying about all night,
and that he had often seen them rush straight down as if
falling from the sky at the same place soon after sunrise,
when he was crow-scaring. This is told in " Nature in
54 THE NIGHT-SOARING OF THE SWIFTS.
Downland," and the boy said that he had found it out for
himself. And Mr. Edward Hart, of the Bird Museum at
Christchurch, tells me that he also found out some 14 or 15
years ago that the swifts ascend and spend the night in the
air, and that he has counted them up at sunset and counted
them down at sunrise.
That is as near as I can get to proof.
If anyone should say " They go and roost at a distance'*
I can only reply, " Why should they ? Why should they go
and roost in distant cliffs — which is the only reasonable
suggestion that can be made — when they have their own
snug nests at hand, in which they do rest when the night is
not fine enough for them to ascend ? " Many a time have
I watched them make a trial trip and then come down again
and go into their own proper nests because the weather was
not good enough.
Of course it is no question of food. I believe it is sheer
delight in their strength of wing which sends them up. And,
as for keeping there, very little exertion would be required
for a swift to balance itself with its head to the wind during
a summer night.
Roosting in the sky is quite an easy matter for the swifts.
The difficulty is in people believing it.
I hope the members of this Field Club who have the
opportunity will investigate the matter.
Cerarfc of QTrent,
Itjis fatni
By Rev. E. H. BATES HARBIN, M.A.
[This paper is an amplification of my remarks when the Field Club
visited Trent Church on the llth September, 1912 (Vol. XXXIV.,
p. xxxvi.) I offer it on the ground that the two families of Storke
and Gerard, whose history is here pieced together, were of Dorset
origin, and that Trent itself is now a part of Dorset.]
JTEHESE notes deal with two distinct subjects. The
first part gives a fuller account of the descent
of the Manor of Trent than has yet been
attempted or even possible. For the
numerous copies of and extracts from the
Public Records I am greatly indebted to
Mr. E. A. Fry, who has also provided refer-
ences to Hutchins and other printed authorities,
and made valuable suggestions on doubtful points. In the
second part I endeavour to present the accumulative
evidence which assigns the authorship of the " Particular
Description of Somerset " and " Coker's Survey of Dorset "
to Thomas Gerard of Trent. For ease of reference the
Somerset Survey is quoted throughout the first part as by
Gerard.
56 THOMAS GERAED OF TRENT.
I.
The early history of Trent has been very fully recorded
by Mr. J. Batten and Mr. T. Bond.* It will suffice to state
here that on the death of William de Braose, temp. Hen. III.,
his great property, including Trent, was divided between
his three sisters : Eleanor wife of Humphrey de Bohun,
Eva wife of William de Cantilupe, and Maud wife of Roger
Lord Mortimer of Wigmore. Eva Cantilupe's third was
bestowed on the Priory of Studley in Warwickshire ; Eleanor
Bohun's third eventually passed to the Young family ; and
the fortunes of Maud Mortimer's share are the subject of this
part of the notes. In the reign of Edward III. it was the
property of Sir Thomas West, who exchanged it with
John de Testwood and Mary his wife for the Manor
of Testwood, in the parish of Eling, near Southampton,
in 1358. t Sir Thomas was descended from a younger
branch of the Cantilupes, and used the arms of
that family on his seal " yet circumscribed with his own
name," as Gerard had noticed on a seal in his own custody. f
The author proceeds : "As for John Testwood de Trent by
his exchange, he was father of a second John, and he of a
third John whose inheritance fell by his only daughter and
heir Isolda unto Thomas Lane, and this in the same manner
to John Storke, whose predecessors had long remained in
Dorsetshire."
It is difficult to add anything to this account of the family.
Some references will be found in the V. C. H. of Hants, IV., 549.
In 1378 John and Mary Testwood released to John Harewelle,
Bishop of Bath and Wells, an acre of land and the advowson
* Som. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc., XX., ii., 113; Trent;
J. Batten ; XXI., ii., 28, Honor of Odcomb and Barony of Brito ;
T. Bond. Henceforward simply Proc.
t Dorset Records, XVIII., 153 ; Ped. Fin., divers cos., 32 Ed. III.,
545.
J Particular Description, Somerset Record Soc., XV., 176.
THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT. 57
of the Church of Trent.* The Bishop probably obtained
this grant to enable him to make provision for the Rev.
Richard Harewel (Herwell), perhaps a nephew, who was
Rector of Trent in 1402 ; and afterwards he disposed of
his right to other parties. | In 1396 John Testwood and
Elizabeth his wife made a settlement of lands in Chilton
Cantelo for the benefit of Elizabeth for her life, with remainder
to John and his heirs. These lands were resettled in
1405.J
The last John Testwood made his will in July, 1412. § He
directed his body to be buried in the chapel of St. Mary in
the church of Trent, and left ten shillings for the sustentation
of the work of the said church. He mentions his wife
Elizabeth, his daughter Isolda, and Thomas Lane, whom
Gerard records to be his son-in-law, and father of a daughter
and heiress married to John Storke.
In 1430 John Storke and Alice his wife are given in a list
of persons owing homage and service to Sir Thomas
Beauchamp, of Whitelackington, in Somerset, || but there is
nothing to show whether the lady was his second wife (see
post) or the daughter of Thomas Lane.
The marriage must have taken place before 1428, since the
Feudal Aid for that year enumerated John Storke, John
Botreaux, and the Prioress of Studley as joint owners of
Trent. If As Storke was party in a Final Concord in 1416 he
was then of full age, and must have been born not later than
1395. He owned property in Blandford Forum which may
have descended to him from Simon Storke, who in 1392
settled the same quantity of tenements, &c., in Chyping
* Fed. Fin., 2 Ric. II., 18. S. R. S., XVII., 103.
f Weaver, Somerset Incumbents, 201.
J Fed. Fin. 20 Ric. II., 31, S. R. S., XVIL, 167 ; 6 Hen. IV., 45,
S. R. S. XXIL, 18.
§ S.R.S., XVI., 59.
|| Fed. Fin., 8 Hen. VI., 91. S.R.S., XXII., 189.
If Feudal Aids, IV., 375.
58 THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT.
Blandford on himself and Matilda his wife, with remainder
to William Stork and Juliana his wife.*
John Stork was evidently a man of considerable ability
and standing in the county of Dorset. He is frequently
found in Final Concords, acting as a trustee for one of the
parties. During the long reign of Henry VI. he was in
nearly every Commission of the Peace, besides sitting as
Assistant Judge at Assizes, and nominated for Government
business generally. He died early in the next reign. On
the 24th January, 4 Edw. IV. (1464), an order was entered
on the Fine Roll (No. 273) to take an inquisition on John
Storke gent deceased, but unfortunately this inquisition is
not in existence.
Alice, his widow, had previously been married to John
Petyr. She died on 6th December, 1474, and the inquisitions
taken after her death show that she held no property in
Somersetshire, and that her property at Bagber, near
Sturminster Newton, was given in dower by her first husband,
to which her grandson, William, son of John Petyr, deceased,
was heir.f
In a fine of 1446 John Storke is described as " senior,"
from which it may be inferred that another John was now
growing up. He was married about 1460 to Agnes, daughter
and heiress of Thomas Inge (Ynge), of Gorton Denham, but
died almost immediately after his father. On the Patent
Rolls for 12th January, 1465-6 is entered a licence for
William Kayleway to enfeoff Agnes late the wife of John
Storke of his Manor of Corston (Gorton) held in chief to hold
the same to herself and the heirs of her body, with remainder
to the right heirs of Thomas Inge. On the Fine Roll of
6 Ed. IV. (275 m. 22) is an order dated 10th May, 1466, to
hold an inquisition on John Stork for lands in Dorset. But
again, unfortunately, the inquisition is not in existence.
* Fed. Fin. 16 Ric. II., 95 ; Dors. Records, XX., 217.
| Inq. p.m. Alice Stork, 14 Ed. IV., 12.
THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT. 59
There were two sons, John his successor, and Tristram, bom
in 1465.
Collinson gives an account of the Inge family under Corston
near Bath (III., 346). Gerard, who had " in his custody
many ancient charters and deeds of the manor," rightly
assigned them to Gorton Denham, and concludes by stating
" from whose heir generally (of Inge) by the Storkes it
devolved on the Comptons, late owners of it " (p. 201).
It is probable that Agnes Storke remarried Roger Norman.
The Patent Roll on 16th Nov., 1484, records a licence to
several trustees (but not Kayleway) to grant Gorton to
Roger Norman for life, remainder to John Stork and the heirs
of his body, remainder to the right heirs of Thomas Inge.
John Storke (III.) was married by 1483, as in that year he
conveyed his interest in the Blandford property to trustees
as dower for his wife Margaret, a daughter of John Wadham,
senior, of Merifield. He died 20th October (Oxfordshire
inquisition), or 9th October, 1485 (Dorset ditto). In the
former county he held the Manor of Burton Ynge ; in the
latter certain tenements at Blandford which had belonged
to his grandfather John Storke, and settled by him as above,
and lands in Bradford Abbas, Underdo wne, Lye, and Ware-
ham. The Somersetshire inquisition is missing, but from
the particulars collected after the death of Tristram Stork,
it appears that the family estate included part of Trent, and
lands in Gorton, Holway, Crothorne, and Charlton Canvyle.
There were no children, and his heir was his brother Tristram,
aged twenty years and a half. * An annuity of forty
shillings from his Bradford property was given to John, son
and heir apparent of Peter Bamfield Esq. (of Hardington).
Margaret Storke remarried Robert Gilbert, son of John
Gilbert of Witcombe, in Gorton Denham. f Robert out-lived
his wife, and died 12th November, 1537. The inqusiition
* Inq. p.m. John Storke, in Vol. I. Hen. VII., pp. 56, 57.
t Inq. p m. Tristram Stork, 24 Hen. VIII., Vol. 54, 73.
60 THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT.
p.m. incidentally gives the information that Margaret's
father was John Wadham.*
Tristram Storke may have received his Christian name
from Tristram Burnell, of Newton Surmaville, near Yeovil,
who was a friend of his grandfather, John Storke. He was
returned as one of the gentry resident in Somersetshire temp.
Henry VII., f married Alice, daughter of Robert Bingham,
of Bingham's Melcombe, and died 18th August, 1532, leaving
four daughters co-heiresses.
His property extended into four counties, and the informa-
tion given in the inquisitions shows how it was divided. J
Johanna, aged 30, wife of Richard Compton, received Gorton
Denham, Holway, and Crothorne ; Isabella, aged 28, wife
of Alexander Seymer, received Burton Ynge (Bourton),
Oxfordshire ; Anne, aged 26, wife of John Larder, received
lands at Hinton Admiral and Christchurch Twyneham,
Hants ; and Mary, aged 24, the wife of William Gerard
(Jerard), " my great-grandfather from whom though shee
were the youngest sister the principall house of them (i.e.
Trent) is descended to myself." §
The surname of Gerard is not uncommon in Somerset and
Dorset, and is often found under the form Jerarde. Curiously
enough there was a family called Jerarde resident in the
neighbouring parish of Sandford Orcas, who are frequently
described as Gerard. The arms of the two families are,
however, quite distinct, that of Jerarde of Sandford being
Arg. a chevron gules between three ermine spots, while
Gerard of Trent bore quarterly Gerard and Brinn (of
Lancashire).
Thomas Gerard of Trent, the author, evidently believed
that his family came originally from Lancashire, where the
* Inq. p. m. Robert Gilbert, 30 Hen. VIII. C. Vol. 60, 109.
f Collinson I., XL.
J Inq. p. m. Tristr. Storke : Vol. 54, 62 ; 54, 73 ; 54, 75 ; Alice
Storke (06. 8 Aug. 1546), Vol. 85, 34.
§ Particular Description, 177.
THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT. 61
name is found in very early records. He included many
coats of arms taken from the Lancashire pedigrees in his
heraldic tree painted in Trent Church, but it is certain that
according to the account in Hutchins' Dorset I., 609, the
ancestor had moved southward before these alliances were
made. He did not enter his pedigree at the Heralds Visita-
tions for either Dorset or Somerset in 1623 ; but his relation
John Gerard of Longhide in Purbeck, recorded his pedigree,
and also gave a shield which contained the bearings of no
Lancashire alliances, but a number of old Dorset families ;
and also included several quarterings which belonged
exclusively to the Trent branch of the family by the marriage
with Mary Storke. I have a strong suspicion that the
Heralds, to whom Thomas Gerard was well known, either by
accident or design assigned his shield to the Purbeck branch
without proper enquiries.
The Gerard pedigree begins with William Gerard of
Bremhill, in Lancashire, who married Jane, sister and co-heir
of Peter de Bremhill. Two generations are skipped, and
their great grandson, also William, who was born about
1400, is found at Friar Mayne, co. Dorset, and married to
Edith, daughter and heir of Thomas Meeres of Osmington.
Of this marriage there were two sons, the younger, Robert,
being of Longhide in Purbeck. The elder son John was the
father of another John, who married Margaret, daughter
and heir of Walter Wells of Tincleton, and had issue another
John, with whom we find ourselves on firm ground. He
married firstly Dorothy, daughter of Paul Cook of Sussex, *
and secondly in 1528 Isabella Plompton, widow. He died
24th August, 1542, leaving property in Broadway and
Nottington, West Waddon in Portesham, and a moiety of
other property in West Totton and Chickerell, and four
burgages in Dorchester. William Gerard is his eldest son
and heir, and is forty years old and more, t
* Brown Collections at Taunton Castle, Vol. 23, 134.
f Inq. p. m. J. G. ; C., 65, No. 43.
62 THOMAS GERAED OF TRENT.
There were also several other children. John of " Freer
Mayn " made a will which was proved 12th July, 1558. He
mentions his wife Edith, daughter of George Turberville,
his brother Sir Henry, knight of St. John of Jerusalem,
Elizabeth his brother's daughter, and his nephew Thomas. *
Dorothy married — Fauntleroy, and Alice became a nun. f
William married Mary Storke, and settled at Trent. In
the windows of the hall of the old manor house (long since
destroyed) were shields bearing the arms of Testwood and of
many others. J He died in January, 1567-8, and was
buried in Trent Church, where plain slabs marking the graves
of the family were visible until a recent restoration. From
his will dated 12th and proved the 31st January, 1567-8 §
and the inquisition, || it appears that he held the Manors of
Broadway and Waddon alias West Waddon, and lands in
Nottington and Crocketswaye in Broadway. His only son
and heir was Thomas, aged forty years and more. His
daughters were Elizabeth Martin ^[ and Julian Pagys.**
Mary Gerard, the heiress of Trent, died 28th March, 1577.
She left directions in her will to be buried in Storkes He in
Trent Church. §§ The inquisition held after her death shows
that she owned the Manor of Trent held of the honour of
Trowbridge.
Thomas Gerard married Isabella, daughter and co-heiress
of Leonard Willoughby of Toners Puddle, by whom he had a
numerous family. He died 18th November, 1583, having
* Brown, F., Som. Wills, I., 46.
f Brown Collections, Vol. 16, 811 ; 32, 133.
J Particular Description, p. 177.
§ Som. Wills I., 40.
|| C., Vol. 150, 185, Dorset.
11 Of Park Pale in Tolpuddle ; she died in January, 1587-8 • Will
Rutland 3.
** Her first husband was George Milburne of Milborne Port : he
died in 1559 ; Will, Cheyney 49.
§§ Som. Wills, I., 40. Inq., Chanc. ser. II., Vol. 195, 123.
THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT. 63
desired to be buried in the He belonging to his house in the
Church of Trent. The inquisition shows that he held
undiminished the family property in both counties, and his
will directed that portions should be paid to his younger sons,
James, John, and Thomas, and to his daughter Elizabeth.*
William his eldest son succeeded, being about thirty years of
age. He married Mary, daughter of Sir Christopher Allen
of the Mote, Kent ; and died 1st May, 1604, aged 52 years.
Collinson (II., 386) gives the inscription on his monument .
•£?.'•'•
Gulielmo Gerard, armigero, ex antiqua Gerardorum
familia in agro Lancastriensi oriundo, monumentum hoc
imposuit uxor ejus maestissima, filia Christopheri Allen,
equitis aurati militis : obiit May 1, Anno. Dom. 1604,
cetat. vero SUCK, 52.
As he died intestate administration was granted to his
widow ; which was afterwards renounced, and a fresh
administration granted to the Honourable Lord Paget, a
cousin of the widow, during the minority of the children,
Thomas, Mary, and Ethelreda. Another daughter, Anne,
died 25th January, 1596, and was buried in Trent Church.
The widow outlived her son Thomas by a few weeks, and
died 30th December, 1634. Her will was made on 22nd Oct.,
1634, and proved 5th January, 1634-5. She mentions her
daughter Lady Hansby, the daughter of her son Edward
Gerard, and certain grandchildren, including a Roper. Her
life interests in the Manors of Broadway and Nottington were
granted in 1607 to Thomas Eliot for forty years on account -^,
of her recusancy ; | and this declining towards Roman
Catholicism may have been the reason why she did
not administer the estate of her late husband. In 1600
Broadway was returned as belonging to Thomas Gerard, a
recusant ; but either the date or the Christian name is in error.
In the Recusant Rolls for the latter part of the sixteenth
* Som. Wills, I., 46. Inq., Ser. II., Vol. 208, 158.
t Brown Collections, XXIII., 136.
64 THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT.
century, under Trent, William and Mary Gerard, with some
servants, are entered. *
The inquisition held after the death of William Gerard
returns that he held the family property undiminished in
Trent, Nottington, Broadway, and Waddon ; and that his
heir is his son Thomas, aged eleven years on the 17th March
last past, 1603-4. f
Thomas Gerard was therefore born 17th March, 1593. He
is very probably the Thomas Gerard who matriculated from
Gloucester Hall, Oxford, on 18th June, 1610, though the age
is given as sixteen years. The next thing known about him
is his marriage in 1618 to Anne, daughter of Robert Coker of
Mappowder, in Dorsetshire. Of this alliance he was so proud
that he caused to be painted on the soffit of the arch separating
the Storke aisle from the nave of Trent Church an elaborate
heraldic tree, showing on one side the alliances of his own
family, and on the other those of the Coker family. J
Relying on the evidence given in Part II. of these notes to
reckon Thomas Gerard as the author of the Particular Descrip-
tion of Somerset, this book will give a very fair idea of the
man and his mental equipment. One point comes out very
plainly. Whatever the theological leanings of his parents
he was decidedly anti-Roman Catholic, and was fond of a sly
dig at the weaknesses of its professors. He was an enthusiastic
herald and genealogist, and frequently apologises to the
reader for providing so much of his favourite studies. He
was well known to the landowners of Somerset and Dorset,
and was evidently given carte blanche to transcribe the
title-deeds of their lands. He is, however, careful not to
put down anything that might cause trouble, and writes,
" you must not look for tenures here, for too manie looke
into them." (P. 2.) He had a great admiration for Camden ;
* Som. and Dor. N. and Q., V., Art. 86.
t Inq. p. m. ; C., 282, 53.
% A good illustration will be found in Collinson II., 384. Mr. Batten
has identified nearly all the arms in his paper.
THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT. 65
and having to point out an error in a work so general as the
Britannia, he continues, " farr be it from me to tax him,
whose bookes I was never worthy to bear after him." (P. 101.)
He had read the national records in London, and his
knowledge of their contents is remarkable, though equalled
by John Smith of Nibley, a contemporary antiquary, who
wrote the Lives of the Berkeleys. Another member of this
fraternity, William Burton, author of a history of Leicester-
shire, seems to have been a personal friend. As the owner of
Leland's collections Burton certainly allowed Gerard to
consult and copy such parts as interested him. Unfor-
tunately an effort about 1615 to revive the original Society
of Antiquaries, which came to an end at the death of Queen
Elizabeth, was stopped by a hint that King James took a
little mislike of the Society ; and Gerard had no opportunity
of discussing this favourite subject with congenial friends on
visits to London.
In the midst of his labours his wife died on 25th June, 1633,
leaving, as her monument in Trent Church states, one son
and five daughters. Thomas Gerard died on 13th October,
1634. The inquisition enumerates the family estates in
Somerset and Dorset, and gives as his heirs his daughters,
Elizabeth aged twelve, Anna aged ten, Ethelreda aged nine,
Annie aged six, and Frances aged four years, the son having
died before his father.
Thomas Gerard died intestate, and administration was
granted to his nephew, John Gerard, on 17th February,
1634-5. The estates were divided between the four sisters
who grew up ; Annie died 9th October, 1637. Elizabeth
married Bullen Reymes, M.P. for Weymouth ; * Anna
married Colonel Francis Wyndham and received Trent for
her share ; Ethelreda married Edward Hyde, of West Hatch,
in Wilts ; and Frances married John Wynter, of Dyrham,
co. Gloucester.
* Som. and Dor. N. and Q., IV., v.
66 THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT.
After Worcester fight in 1651, to Colonel and Mrs. Wyndham
fell the dangerous task of providing for Charles II. for three
weeks while his friends tried to find a way of escape from the
Dorsetshire coast. Failing this the King was conducted to
Hale, near Salisbury, where he was sheltered by Mrs. Mary
Hyde, related to Edward Hyde, the brother-in-law of Mrs.
Wyndham. After the restoration Anne Wyndham wrote an
account of the King's sojourn at Trent, under the title of
" Claustrum Regale Reseratum."
The male line of her descendants died out in the third
generation ; and the relics of the royal visitor, a knife in a
case and two worked caps, together with the portraits of
Colonel Wyndham and his four sons, are preserved at Newton
Surmaville, having descended to the Colonel's daughter
Elizabeth, who married William Harbin, of that place.
II.
The second portion of these notes contains the evidence
which shows that the last Thomas Gerard of Trent was the
author of the " Particular Description " of Somerset, and also
of Coker's " Survey of Dorset." This evidence is considered
under four heads.
(1.) Thomas Gerard wrote the " Particular Description."
(2.) He also wrote a survey of Dorset.
(3.) This work is the Survey hitherto attributed to John
Coker.
(4.) This attribution has arisen from pardonable misunder-
standing of certain passages in the Survey.
The following pages are based upon an exhaustive article
by Mr. John Batten, F.S.A., in Som. and Dors. N. and Q., V.,
Art. 83, " Who Wrote Coker's Survey ? " and on my intro-
duction to the Particular Description of Somerset ; Som.
Rec. Soc., XV.
THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT. 67
(I-)
As the manuscript of the " Description " has no title page
nor introductory matter, the author and date have to be
determined by internal evidence. The date can be found at
once. Under Queen Camel " a sixth bell was added in the
yeare of grace 1633 by William Perry a parishioner," p. 197.
Under lie Brewers, " now the seat of Mr. Walrond, at this
present Sheriff e of the county." William Walrond filled that
office in 1632-3. So the Description was being written out
in 1633.
The author reveals himself in his account of Trent, p. 176.
" The place which now gives me habitation." One of the
four daughters of John Storke was married unto " William
Gerard, my greate grandfather, from whom, though shee
were the youngest sister, the principall house of them is
descended to myself." " In my hall are the arms of Test-
wood and many others," the former owners of Trent. In
1633 Thomas Gerard, the great grandson of William Gerard,
had been living there for thirty years, having succeeded his
father at the age of eleven. The author's Christian name
comes out in his account of Odcombe, p. 104. Referring to
the arms assigned to King Brute, he observes : "I am a
Thomas, and therefore hard of belief." It may therefore be
considered proven that Thomas Gerard was the author.
There is no difficulty in supposing that a gentleman of
independent means from his youth upward could have
made a survey of two adjacent counties by his fortieth
year.
The account of Somerset is not complete, as the second
volume of the manuscript has disappeared ; but there are
sufficient references to show that the author had been through
the length and breadth of the land. Gerard's wife died on
25th June, 1633, and the bereaved husband may have
been stopped for a while, and have been unable to write
out his notes before his own death in the autumn of
1634.
68 THOMAS GEEARD OF TRENT.
(2.)
Under Compton Pauncefoot the author writes : " Compton
passed unto Humphrey Keynes heire male of that ancient
and notable family of Keynes which I have spoken of at
large in my Survey of Dorset." (P. 188.) In the account of
Stogursey : " It became the possession of Robert de Fitzpaine,
a noble Baron of whom I have spoken elsewhere." The
marginal note is : " See at Aukland in Dorsetshire." Also
under Luxborough (p. 17) : The family of Everard " by the
heire of Bellott Lord of Frome Bellott in Dorset they removed
thither, where if it you please you may finde more of them."
Under : " South Parrett, North Parrett. The first of these
is in Dorsetshire, but, because as I remember I have over-
passed it there I will only lett you know that it belonged to
the knightly family of Malbancke." (P. 64.)
It is plain that the author of the Somerset Survey had
already composed a similar Survey of Dorset, to which he was
able to refer his readers, as if they would be found close
together. It is quite probable that the two works were
originally intended to form part of the series of county
histories projected by John Norden in the reign of James I.*
(3.)
It is only natural that these references to family history
should also be found in Coker's Survey ; but an examination
of the two books brings out such a close correspondence as
would be possible only in the case of the work of a single mind.
Coker's Survey was printed in 1732 from a manuscript which
had no title page, and this defect was common to the other
copies then in existence. For a full account of the parallelisms
between these two anonymous works I must refer to Mr.
Batten's article, which can only be summarized here. They
* Diet. Nat. Biog., XLL, 105. Som. Rec. Soc., XV., intro.
THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT. 69
are both referred to as a " Particular Description." They
both take the places described not by the local divisions of
hundreds, but by following the courses of the rivers and
streams. They both have identical and unusual terms and
epithets ; also peculiar expressions and descriptions. Both
books are full of heraldry. Each author committed the same
error in making Francis Goodwin Bishop of Worcester instead
of Hereford, 1617-34. The Dorset Survey mentions the
Earldom of Bristol, which was conferred in 1622 ; and this
date is only eleven years before that of the Somerset Survey.
By every test the two books are found to have been
composed by the same person.
(4.)
According to the evidence already given, the author lived
in Somersetshire ; so it is not to be expected that he would
give the same personal clues to his identity in the Dorset
Survey. The selection of a member of the Coker family
seems to rest on the account of their ancestral home at Map-
powder, where the author restrains his eulogy on the ancient
and respected family by remarking " that it befits me not,
being a member of the House, to speak of it." But Thomas
Gerard, being a son-in-law, might well consider himself a
member of the family ; and that he was proud of the alliance
is very evident by his causing an heraldic tree of the Coker
arms to be painted on one side of the arch in Trent Church to
match his own on the other.
There is another personal reference under Tincleton :
" Walter Wells left only one daughter, temp. Ed. IV., married
unto my predecessor John Gerard." The Episcopal register
(of Bristol), under a list headed Incumbents or Lessees, gives :
" John. Gerarde d. 1576. A vacancy till 1579, during which
John Coker often occurs." This is the basis for the theory
that John Gerard, who married Miss Wells before 1483, was a
clergyman ! and incumbent of Tincleton, where he survived
70 THOMAS GERARD OF TRENT.
until 1576 ! Predecessor in both Surveys is used as an
equivalent to ancestor ; and the alliances in the Gerard
shield include the arms of Wells. So this reference is really
evidence for the Gerard authorship. John Gerard and John
Coker do not appear as clergy in any lists or registers ; and it
is quite probable that they were simply lay-lessees of the
rectorial tithes. Another personal reference is found under
Abbotsbury : " The bones of the founder are enclosed in a
dainty marble coffin, which I have often seen." Thomas
Gerard, as owner of Waddon in Portisham, the next parish to
Abbotsbury, had plenty of opportunities to see the ruins,
which a resident at Mappowder or Tincleton would not possess.
The scanty references to a Coker authorship are therefore
shown to be non-existent.
Two difficulties have arisen from this incorrect description
of the Survey. The work has been so often referred to
under the name of Coker, that a change to Gerard for future
citations would involve an unnecessary amount of
confusion. The other, almost humorous, is the insertion in
the Dictionary of National Biography (Vol. XI., 251) of a
life of John Coker, which has to be regarded as a unique
instance of a ghost-name in that valuable work.
By Captain JOHN E. ACLAND, F.S.A.
TN the Dorset County Museum two sets of hand-made
buttons may be seen — one dating back to
the early part of last century, from
Milborne S. Andrew, and the other a
sample of the industry carried on at the
present time at Lytchett Minster, Poole.
This button making, or " buttony " as it
was termed locally, was an important
industry in the eastern parts of the county
in former days, until in fact it was driven out of the field by
the machine-made article. Through the kindness of Miss M.
Mansel, I am able to give some interesting facts about this
industry ; they were supplied to her by Mr. Samuel G.
Case, whose words I shall use as far as possible.
The clothwork button was the first to be made at Shaftes- f
bury and neighbourhood at the beginning of the 18th century i
by Abraham Case. It was made on a round disk with a hole 1
in the centre ; the disk was made out of the horns of the
Dorset sheep, and a small piece of white rag was fixed on the
disk and then worked over ; the finer the work the higher the
price.
72 DORSET " BUTTON Y.
The high top buttons were used for ladies' dresses, and there
were flat ones as well, the polishing and finishing off being
done at Is. per gross by four expert women, who could earn
2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. daily, and have been paid as much as £8 for
a month's work.
The wire button was brought out by a grandson of
Abraham Case, in the reign of George II. ; and another
member of the family started the trade at Bere Regis, in the |
best and most extensive premises in the place. He died in
1758, and was succeeded by Peter Case, who built Case's
Street and Clayton Square, Liverpool, on the profits of the
button trade.
Towards the end of the 18th Century, Lady Caroline
Darner established a school at Milton Abbey for 12 poor
children, who were clothed and taught reading, and instructed
first in spinning, and afterwards in making buttons, the
industry being continued for many years.
The central depot was established in 1803 at Milborne I
Stileham, a hamlet of Milborne S. Andrew, by Peter Case,
junior, and he was succeeded by his two nephews, George
and Henry, the latter being the father of the Mr. Case who
furnished these notes. At Milborne (he says) the trade
increased stupendously. Depots were formed at Pydel-
trenthide, Hanley, Woolbridge, Langton in the Isle of
Purbeck, Iwerne, and Shaftesbury. At Langton and Shaftes-
bury an agent was kept permanently ; at the other places
horses were kept to do the journeys on fixed days well known
to the workers, who came in hundreds to exchange their
buttons for goods and cash.
Buttons were taken at the central depot, Milborne, on
Fridays only, when the place was crowded like a fair. The
London office was at 19, Addle Street, E.G., and the agent
there did business with England, Ireland, and Scotland, with
all the chief cities of Europe, and direct to Quebec, Boston,
and New York. This was in the forties, and the office was
held for 135 years for no other purpose than the sale of buttons,
when the returns were from £10,000 to £12,000 per annum.
DORSET " BUTTONY." 73
The names of the wire buttons were mites, bird's-eye, '
spangles, shirt, jams, waistcoats, and outsizes, and four
different-sized wire. The wires or rings were made from a
roll of wire, burned, and twisted on a spindle, the nipped ends
put together and soldered by dipping in hot melted solder.
This work was done by expert girls or boys called " winders
and dippers," and others called " stringers " counted the
rings and threaded them in lots of 144. The brass wire was
from Birmingham, brought in waggons with very wide wheels,
a ton, or ton and a-half, at a load. The price of the best work
was 3s. 6d. or 3s. 9d. a gross, and it was done by the Mowlems
and other families at Whitchurch, who could make a gross a
day.
The lower sorts of buttons were sometimes soiled, and this
was remedied by placing them on yellow paper ; the next
quality on dark blue paper ; and the very best were papered
on pink. There were about a dozen expert paperers in
Milborne — Da vises and Lanes chiefly. The papers were
had from a paper company in Upper Thames Street, London ;
some women could earn double as much as others, an ordinary
worker earning from 7s. 6d. to 9s. a week.
This flourishing trade was not, however, destined to last,
and it is curious that the year of the great Industrial Exhibi-
tion in London should have seen the death blow given to the
famous Dorset industry. Mr. Case shall relate it in his own
words : —
" Perhaps you would like to learn something of Ashton's
patent machine button and its disastrous effect on the hand-
made button. It was in the year of the great Exhibition
(1851) that it was whispered among the people of East Dorset
(for there were only a few stray buttoners west of
Puddletown), and the smash came at last, 1851-2-3, worse
and worse. We employed in wire-makers, paperers, and
button workers, from 800 to 1,000 ; but they were soon in a
state of poverty, some starving, and hundreds were sent off
to Perth, Moreton Bay, and Quebec by the noblemen of the
county ; about 350 left Shaftesbury. My uncle and father
74 DORSET " BUTTONY."
dissolved partnership, and in 1849 or 1850 there was on hand
a stock of £14,500 worth of goods and buttons ; but my
uncle still continued his journeys to the chief towns. Ashton's
buttons were becoming known everywhere, but I may state
that in March, 1859, I sold in the City £856 worth of wire and
cloth worked buttons in five days, all to be delivered within a
month of purchase, and that was the last extensive sale of
the hand-made button. My father was just upon being
ruined, but the lords of the manors of Bere Regis and of
Milborne stepped into the breach and saved him."
In reply to an enquiry of my own, last year, the lady in
charge of the Mission House, Lytchett Minster, writes : —
" The button-making is done in the cottages as a ' spare time '
" employment. We have a depot in the village at which
" buttons are purchased, but the greater part of the business
" is done by post.
" Last year (1912) we sold £38 worth, and paid for workers
"and material £36.
" When Mr. Case died we bought up all the old buttons,
" so we have the entire stock."
This industry will, I fear, never again reach its former f
importance, and the comparison of the £38 worth sold now
with the £10,000 worth sold when trade was at its best, is f
indeed a sad one for the button makers of Dorset.
Brasses of Dorset.
By W. de C. PRIDEAUX, L.D.S., Eng., F.R.S.M.
PART VIII.
>HE continuation this year comprises seven brasses,
two only being mentioned in Haines's list.
One is a restored coat of arms, inserted below
a rare Norman-French inscription at Long
Crichel. For purposes of comparison I give
a rubbing of Shakespeare's inscribed stone
at Stratford-on-Avon and its partial counterpart
atLydlinch. Two of the inscribed brasses are in
the open air on tombs in Loders churchyard ;
one, on a flat stone, is much defaced, as might be expected ;
the second, on the east end of an " altar " tomb, is in good
condition, and for its late period, 18th century, interesting.
I have two costume brasses from Shapwick, Maria Oke in
the habit of an order, with lapdog at her feet ; the second,
an inscribed effigy to Richard Charnock alias Hodgson, Vicar.
Lastly, I show you the Norman-French inscription to
John Gouys c. 1330. If this date be correct, and there is no
reason to doubt it, the little brass is of the respectable age of
nearly 600 years.
76 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
LODERS, ST. MARY MAGDALENE.
Two in the Churchyard.
(1.) Position. — Fixed by a central brass bolt through the
stone to the east end of an altar tomb in a southern
direction from the chancel wall.
Size.— lOins. wide by 12ins. high.
Description. — Strong impaling Birt, with the Strong
crest above. Strong, Gules an eagle displayed
within a bordure engrailed or. Birt, Argent on a
chevron gules between three bugle horns sable stringed
of the second as many crosses crosslet fitche or. Cresfc,
out of a mural coronet or, a demi eagle with wings
displayed of the last. Motto, The Eagle is Strong.
On the north and south sides of the tomb are
inscriptions to many of the Strong family, dated
from 1760 to 1796.
(2.) Position. — Prone upon a marble slab in a southern
direction from the chancel wall.
Size. — 17Jins. by 12ins.
Description. — A rectangular brass, having in an arched
portion above the inscription the crest of Marsh,
out of a mural crown gules a horse's head argent
ducally gorged or. This crest was confirmed to
Marsh of Marton and Langden, co. Kent, in 1602.
Inscription. — Underneath lie the remains of | John
Marsh of Worth in the parish of | Netherbury Gent,
who died Deer. 16th 1765 | aged 60 years, and of
Elizabeth his wife | who died Feby. 22nd 1780
Aged 77 years, and also of | George Marsh who died
Deer. 25th 1755 Aged | 22 years, Rob Marsh May 1st
1756 Aged 24 | years, And of Richd Marsh Aug. 8th
1759 the | sons of the above named John and
Elizabeth
Reader, pause, reflect, amend,
Life has no length, Eternity no end.
Strong
LODERS.
a
o o
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 77
LYDLINCH, ST. THOMAS A BECKET.
Position. — Hutchins states that the Blackmore brass
is in the chancel. I found what I consider to be
its lower portion securely fixed within an oak frame
on the west wall of the porch.
Size. — 21ins. long by SJins. wide. The Shakespeare slab
is 33ins. by SJins.
Description. — The upper edge of this fragment is
straight, the lower of an ornamental outline, point-
ing, I think, to the upper portion having been cut
away. This piece speaks of bodies, and below has
the initials of Richard Blackmore, Priest, 1767.
The Revd. S. F. Hooper, who has taken every care
of this brass, knows of no other portion. Richard
Blackmore* signs the registers of Lydlinch as
Rector from 1745 to 1756, and from 1757 to 1767 as
Curate ; children of Richard and Elizabeth
Blackmore were baptised, and some buried, during
his incumbency, and it is reasonable to suppose they
were buried below the chancel, in a spot formerly
indicated by this brass when in a complete condi-
tion.
The inscription is very interesting from its
similarity to that of Shakespeare on his Stratford
slab.
LYDLINCH.
GOOD Sir, FOR JESUS' SAKE FORBEAR
TO MOVE THE BODIES THAT REST HERE.
R.B.P
1767.
The Registers of Lydlinch, The Parish Register Society.
78 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
STRATFORD-ON-AVON .
GOOD FREND FOR JESVS SAKE FORBEARE
TO DIGG THE DVST ENCLOASED HEARE,
BLESE BE Y MAN Y SPARES THES STONES,
T
AND CVRST BE HE Y MOVES MY BONES.
SHAPWICK, ST. BARTHOLOMEW.
(1.) Position. — Now mural on the west wall of north aisle,
formerly on the floor of the north or Husey aisle
(Hutchins).
Size. — 16Jins. high by 16ins. wide.
Description. — A small but fine effigy of Maria, heiress
of Lord de Champneys, standing, habited in long
gown reaching to the feet, near which a small dog
lies, having an ornamental collar around the neck.
Possibly in the robes of an order assumed shortly
before death. She married, first, Sir William
Tourney, and afterwards John Oke in the reign
of Richard II. Thomas Oke of New Sarum, whose
will is dated 1430 and proved 1434, was perhaps
their son.
Inscription. — Hie jacet Maria, heres dom' um de
Champneys in Shapwyk ux' Joh'is Oke q'r a'i'ab'z
p'piciet d's. Ame'.
(2.) Position. — Now mural on the west wall of north aisle,
formerly on the floor of the north or Husey aisle.
(Hutchins.)
Size. — 14fins, by 15Jins.
Description. — An inscribed brass having an unusual
border with roses at the corners.
o
'* ~fv ''-£^*''. i '*' -.y**?.
CC
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/Ifoaria ©fee.
SHAPWICK.
Jobn ©Ke,
SHAPWICK.
Cbernoft, l^icar,
SHAPWICK.
3obn
LONG CRICHEL.
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 79
Inscription. —
Quercus sub petra jacet hie intra Johannes
Per preces celices poscens q'd sit sibi data
Pro culpa venia : per ipsum sepe peracta
Stultissime vita : nunc mundi periculosa,
Nunc socii vermes : sic jubet velle divinum,
Sie sc'is sociis anima Deus omne p'evum
Celsi mat'troni me viva semp' benedicta.
Q'd med delicta tradantur ut oblivioni,
Sic queso da veniam : ut indicet inmaculatus
Et sic permaneam : mundus ac purificatus
Ergo te, Rex Xpiste, precor s'cus tuus ut me
Angelus auxilii collocet vita perhenni. Ame'.
(3.) Position. — In the chancel near the Communion Table.
Size. — 20ins. high by 14ins. wide.
Description. — A tonsured figure of a priest with hands
uplifted and joined in prayer.
Inscription. — Hie jacet D— Ricard' Chernok, alias
Hogeson, quondam vicarius istius eccl'ie, cui'
a'i'e' p'piciet' De.'
LONG CRICHEL, ST. MARY.
The Church stands in the Manor of Crichel Govis.
Position. — In the chancel on a grey slab, near the
north wall.
Size. — 14ins. by 2ins.
Inscription. —
Johan' Gouys gist icy
Dieu de salme eyt mercy.
Description. — This very early Norman-French inscrip-
tion has been inlaid in the broader end of a coffin-
shaped slab of comparatively modern origin ;
inserted about its middle is a shield bearing the
arms of Gowis or Govis of London. Argent, a
80 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
lion's head erased gules. John de Govys presented
Roger Dobyn to " Longa Kurchel " in 1324. This
brass is near this date, c. 1340, when Norman-
French was spoken at the English Court. Inscrip-
tions to priests were then for the most part in Latin,
the canonical language, while those of knights and
ladies were in French, and rarely found after 1420.
This is probably one of the oldest brasses in Dorset.
Norman-French inscriptions being rare, we may
compare with this example two others, viz., that
in the nave of Chinnor, Oxfordshire, late 14th
century, being : —
" Adam Rameseye gist ycy Dieu de sa alme eit
mercy Ame,"
and that in Hellesdon Church, Norfolk, c. 1360, all
being brief but very beautiful in their simplicity—
" Richard de Heylesdone & Beatrice sa feme
gisont icy Dieu de lo' almes eit m'cy amen."
auli
still obtaining in Dorset
By E. A. RAWLENCE.
N the remote villages of Dorset, and especially of
the Blackmore Vale, a great deal of supersti-
tion and folk-lore still lingers amongst the
old inhabitants ; but the difficulty is to get
behind the scenes in order to find it out, as
there appears to be a subconsciousness that
such dealings are unorthodox, and possibly
some fear of ridicule. In some cases a saying will only drop
out when it just illustrates the circumstance. In one instance
a farmer illustrated something by an old " saw." Shortly
afterwards I asked him to repeat it while I wrote it down,
but for the life of him he could not do so. It flowed out
naturally enough in its right place. Realising that with the
present generation probably all these relics of the past will
disappear, and that, with education and the advent of books,
papers, and improved locomotion, the time is gone for ever
when the children sat round the cottage hearth and heard
from " Vather the do'ens an' zay'ens o' gran-ver," about five
82 FOLK-LORE AND SUPERSTITIONS IN DORSET.
or six years ago I set myself the interesting task of trying to
fish out and gather up the fragments that remain. My
profession gives me unusual opportunities, and perhaps I
possess a natural ability to get into the confidence of these
old folk, and thus get behind their inner mind, or at some old
receipt or charm that is written on a piece of paper in the
Family Bible, or hidden in the corner of some drawer. The
result of this pleasant inquisition has resolved itself into
three heads — (1) Remedies for ailments of man and beast,
(2) Old customs and games, and (3) Old saws and sayings.
As the time at my disposal is short, I only propose to deal
with some of the remedies affecting poor humanity which I
have been able to glean ; and if by disclosing these sovereign
cures I bring ruin to the dental and medical professions, I
tender my humble apologies and regrets. First, let me say
that except in one or two instances I propose to use fictitious
names for persons and places, as I could not betray these
confidences.
In 1907 I obtained, over a cup of tea, the following from
a dear old couple. The old lady fished out two charms from
the leaves of the family Bible.
To cure toothache —
As Peter was sitting by the river Jordan, Jesus passeth by
and He said to Peter, " Why sittest thou here ? " and Peter
said, " Because I have the toothache." Jesus saith unto
him, " Arise, follow me, and I will heal thee. May it be done
to all those that carry these words about them. It shall be
even as thou sayest it."
To make the charm effectual, a lady must write it for a
gentleman, and a gentleman for a lady, and the party receiv-
ing it must not say " Thank you " for it.
A charm for nose bleeding —
Let the blood stand still as the waters did in the river
Jordan, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the
Holy Ghost. Amen."
To our present minds such statements appear to be some-
what shocking ; but behind them lingers a remnant of that
FOLK-LORE AND SUPERSTITIONS IN DORSET. 83
faith which enabled the Apostolic Church to heal all manner
of diseases.
The old man then thought that his turn was come, and
told me " How that his vather zuffered tar'ble from
rheumatics," and that he heard of a wonderful cure which some
old man in the neighbourhood had. So he sent two of us
boys to get the receipt and take it into Yeovil to be made up.
We brought it back and put the bottle on the mantelshelf,
where it remained for a long time ; and so long as it was
there " vather niver had a twing of the rheumatics." But
one night we were larkin and at hos' play in the kitchen and
knocked the bottle off the shelf and broke it, " and zure
enough vather 's rheumatics corned back agin." I am sorry
that I could not get the ingredients of this wonderful elixir,
the very presence of which scared the microbes away.
He also told me " That verdigrease from a pump is an
excellent cure for the shingles," — a highly antiseptic treat-
ment !
The following incident was related to me in 1910 by a
leading auctioneer in the county. He had been suffering
from the toothache, and on the way to the dentist he met
an old farmer client. " Wer' be you gwain ? " said he.
" To the dentist to have a tooth out," said my friend.
" Lor'," said the farmer, " dwont 'e goo there. I'll tell 'e
how to cure it. Now you goo to a young w'oak tree and put
yer y'arms round it, an' mark the place wher' yer vingers
mate. Then het a zlit in the bark wi' yer knife, then put
yer left han' behin' yer head and pull out zum hair behin' yer
right ear and put it in the zlit o' the bark. Yer 'ill niver
have the toothache agin." My friend, being of a very equable
frame of mind, ultimately lost his tooth and not his hair.
On Easter Monday, 1910, I was travelling to Abbotsbury,
when a quaint old soul got into the carriage, and as she
informed me she was on the way to see her daughter, who
had presented her with a gran' chil', she was naturally in a
very communicative frame of mind. I gathered from her
that she was a great believer in the phases of the moon, and
84 FOLK-LORE AND SUPERSTITIONS IN DORSET.
she told me "always to cut my hair, finger and toe nails
when the moon is waning, as they will not grow so fast after-
wards." She was evidently a great economist of time.
She appeared to suffer from her teeth, and told me that
when the moon was a'grow'n her stumps stuck up and were
painful, but went back when the moon waned. I asked her
how she cured the toothache, and she replied that she had
been told to " mix zalt wi' water and hold it in her mouth
till it boiled." She had tried it, but could not keep the
water in her mouth long enough to make it boil, " zo of
course her toothache wer niver cured."
Only recently I obtained a similar sort of negative cure
from North Dorset, as follows :—
" Get an honest lawyer's pocket handkerchief,
Wash it in an honest miller's millpond,
Dry it and iron it with an honest tailor's goose.
If you can do that you will never have the toothache
again."
Returning to my old South Dorset friend, I asked if she
could cure warts, and she gave me this receipt : — " Steal
something and rub it on the wart, then throw it over the left
shoulder and bury it, and tell no one." I suggested that one
might get into trouble by stealing, but she replied, " Oh !
not money ; a pea or bean or piece of meat will do."
She also gave me a cure for boils : " Find a place where
you can cover seven or nine daisies with your foot. Then
pick and eat them." I suggested that they might be dirty
after having one's foot on them. She replied, " Ther', yer
must eat so much earth avore yer dies." As we drew near
to her destination, I asked whether she believed in these
old cures. " Bless 5e," said she, " they be a lot better than
doctor's stuff."
Another cure for warts from North Dorset —
Find a snag bush in a hedge, then walk backwards to the
bush and pick a snag over your left shoulder. Bite it in
half and rub the wart with it. Then throw the snag away
over your right shoulder, and tell no one.
FOLK-LORE AND SUPERSTITIONS IN DORSET. 85
At a house in King Stag, just north of the Blackmore Vale
Dairy, one John Buckland is said to have lived about fifty
years ago. He was known as Dr. Buckland, and his name
is cut with a diamond on a very old pane of glass in the
bedroom window. He held what was known as a " twoad
vair," which took place, so far as I could make out, at the
change of the moon in the month of May, and was for the
cure of persons affected with the king's evil, running or
tubercular wounds. Dr. Buckland collected a large number
of toads, and the affected person had to open his or her
clothing on to their bare chest. The doctor then seized a
toad, cut off its head, and popped the writhing body into a
muslin bag, which was dropped down the chest of the patient
and suspended round his neck. If the patient endured the
shock of the cold toad and " the scrablen' " of its legs in its
death throes, he would be healed ; but if he "turned," i.e.,
became faint or nauseated under the experience, he would die.
Only just before Christmas I came in contact with one of
Dr. Buckland 's patients, who lived near Wincanton, so far
had the doctor's fame reached. A farmer told me that when
he was a child he had running sores on his legs, and he was
not expected to live. As a last resource, he told me that he
remembered being sent in a " butter cart " (i.e., a small
tilted cart which the farmers' wives went to market in) to a
noted doctor at Buckland Newton who practised " the
twoad cure," and he remembered seeing a box full of toads
which the doctor had, and his seizing one and treating him as
before described. This farmer is now about sixty, and, in
his child mind, he had evidently confused Dr. Buckland with
the village of Buckland Newton, which is about three miles
to the west of King Stag. Any way, my farmer friend is now
a most robust and energetic man, weighing hard on twenty
stone, and a living witness to the efficacy of Dr. Buckland's
" twoad cure."
Farmer Jones, who lives in North Dorset, is a great believer
in a wise woman who lives at C. H., and has a great reputation
in all the country side.
86 FOLK-LORE AND SUPERSTITIONS IN DORSET.
Some years ago my friend was coming down a ladder with
a pack of hay on his head, and fell backwards. In doing so
his foot slipped between the rungs of the ladder and got
terribly twisted. For weeks he was laid up, and had to go
on crutches. One day I called at his farm and found him
walking across the yard with a stick. I said, " Hallo,
farmer ! What has cured you ? " " Well," he said, " I
had tried all the doctors, and they couldn't cure me, so I went
to the Wise Woman. I couldn't go myself, so I sent Mrs. B.,
who was the wife of a neighbouring cottager, and had been
under treatment by the Wise Woman. I asked what she did.
" Well,'' said he, " she sent word that old Jimmy Snook had
an evil eye on me because I didn't gee' him enough cider,
and that I was to get rid of him ; and she sent some bay
leaves which I was to boil and wrap my foot in tight on going
to bed, and the next morning I could walk across the yard
with a stick." " How about Jimmy Snook ? " said I.
" Well," said he, "he's worked on the farm for vifty years an'
more, and I have ge'en him the zack lots o' times, but he
wont go." I expect Jimmy got his extra allowance of cider,
and he died not long after. Possibly his death was accelerated
by this extra allowance ! The Wise Woman must have got
at Jimmy's existence and weakness through Mrs. B., who
either had a spite against the old man and wanted him to be
turned out, or else it was " a plant " between her and Jimmy
to get the extra allowance of cider.
I discussed the merits of the Wise Woman with Farmer
Jones, and he observed a smile on my face and remarked,
"I zee you don't believe in her. I do. These wise 'oomen
be all very well zo long as they does good ; but if they has
an evil eye on yer I'd burn 'em, that I would," and he wrung
his fist in the air, and the fire which of old condemned the
witch to the faggots clearly flashed out of his eyes.
On another occasion Farmer Jones told me that he had a
very bad and swollen knee and leg — so bad that he could
not get up into his trap without help. As he had tried three
doctors with no result, he decided to try the Wise Woman
FOLK-LORE AND SUPERSTITIONS IN DORSET. 87
again. She examined his leg as he sat in the cart, and then
went into her cabin and made up some herb lotion which she
rubbed in well, and told him that by the time he got to the
next village he would be well enough to get out and have
some refreshment at the publichouse. A tempting suggestion
of which he was able to avail himself, and by the time he got
home he was nearly well ; a few more applications of the
lotion completely cured him.
Yet another time my friend suffered terribly from eczema
in the arms, especially during the Spring and Autumn. So
bad was he that he could not feed himself. Again he resorted
to the Wise Woman, and said to her, " Look'e here, missus ;
if you can heal this yer ex'ma, I'll gee yer vive pounds."
She gave him some herb ointment, and he told me that
three pots completely cured him. Before fulfilling his pledge
he waited until the Spring to see if it would break out again,
but " zure enough it didn't ; zo I puts the old 'oss into the
trap and droved over to C. and said, ' Look'e yer, missus ;
I be corned to pay yer the vive pounds I promised 'e if yer
cured my ex'ma,' " and he tendered the five pounds, but
the old lady would only take a pound.
Farmer Jones also informed me that the Wise Woman
always picked her herbs at midnight on a full moon, as they
were more potent then.
Last Autumn my son passed the old lady's cabin, and in
the road was a patient sitting in a cart, evidently too bad to
get out, and the Wise Woman was standing in front of the
trap with her back to him, making great flourishes in the air
with a willow wand, probably exorcising some demon. But
after all it will be seen that the real cures come from the herb
remedies, and that suggestions about an evil eye and flourish-
ing the willow wand are only adjuncts to play on the ignorance
of her patients.
Such are some of the superstitions and arts that still linger
as quaint and interesting remnants of the past, but of which
the next generation will probably be ignorant, unless some
record of them is made.
Jfiftl) Interim Keport
on tlje
€:mttmttmis at jffltoumtmrp
H. Colley March, M.D., F.S.A., Chairman.
John E. Acland, F.S.A., Hon. Sec.
W. M. Barnes
J. G. N. Clift
J. M. Falkner
R. H. Forster
* J.C.M.Mansel-Pleydell
H. B. Middleton
* H. Pentin
Alfred Pope, F.S.A.
* Executive Body, Dorset Field Club.
C. S. Prideaux
W. de C. Prideaux
* N. M. Richardson
Committee have much pleasure in presenting
the Report of the work carried out in the
Autumn of 1913, written by Mr. H. St.
George Gray, who, as in former years,
directed the excavations, and has recorded,
with his accustomed accuracy and complete-
ness, all essential facts that have come to
light.
The thanks of the Committee are offered
to all those who have subscribed to the funds, and also to
those who have assisted by lending material and appliances,
especially to the Town Council of Dorchester, Messrs. Lott
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 89
and Walne, Mr. Slade, and Mr. Foot. We wish to mention
also the great help afforded by Mr. Sebastian Evans and
Mr. C. S. Prideaux, who were constantly present on the
ground.
The expenditure of the season's work amounted to
£111 9s. lid., and the receipts to £96 3s. 2d. A balance of
£26 3s. lid. was brought forward from 1912, out of which the
expenses incidental to the publication of this Report will
have to be paid.
The facts that we have learnt of the original form and
construction, as well as of the complicated history, of
Maumbury Rings are highly important, and amply justify
the series of excavations now, for a time, brought to a close.
It may be possible in the future —
1. To ascertain whether or not the Outer Ditch completely
encircles the Earthwork ; how it terminates at the N.
Entrance ; and when and for what reason it was constructed.
2. To examine the breastworks on the top of the Great
Bank, and to explain their purpose and that of the Civil War
terraces.
3. To discover more relics of a definite character in the
Great Bank ; and to determine its actual summit in Roman
times.
4. To extend the diggings in front of " the Den ; " and to
connect those between Cuttings XXX. and XXXI. as well
as between Cuttings II. (Extension) and XXXI.
5. To complete our knowledge of the prehistoric Shafts as
to their relation to the Great Bank ; as to their absence at
the N. Entrance and in the Arena ; and as to whether Shafts
IV. and XVII. are themselves simple throughout, or are each
the joint opening of smaller shafts, lower down, in close order.
Meanwhile, we await with interest the result of the
exploration, now in progress, of the pits at Grime's Graves.
Signed on behalf of the Committee,
HY. COLLEY MARCH.
21th February, 1914.
90 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
SHORT REPORT
ON THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1913.
By H. ST. GEORGE GRAY.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES ACCOMPANYING THIS
REPORT : —
PLATE I. — Sketch-plan of Maumbury Rings, similar to that given
in the former Reports, the position of the 1913 excavations (Cuttings
XXX. to XXXV. inclusive and two narrow cuttings parallel to the
transverse axis) having been added. It shows the relative position of
the cuttings made in 1908, 1909, 1910, 1912, and 1913, but the scale
is too small to attempt to show structural details. The position of
the Well is seen in Cutting XXXIII., and Shafts XII. to XVII. on the
E. side of the central area. It should be noted that a dotted circle,
passing through the middle of the shafts, and having a diameter of
169ft., has been described on this plan.
PLATE II. — General view of Maumbury Rings (September 24th),
taken from the top of the Great Bank, looking S.S.E., and showing
the excavations of 1913 in progress. The W. terrace is seen in the
foreground, and on the opposite side the whole length of the E. terrace.
The planks and windlass represent the position of the Well (Cutting
XXXIII.). On the left the excavation of Cutting XXXI. is in
progress ; and further south Cutting XXX., the largest excavation
made during the whole of the investigations, including the digging
into the Great Bank. The photograph shows the horizontal
stratification of the material forming the Civil War Terrace, the solid
chalk arena wall (with strut-holes on the top), and the oblong enclosure
recessed into the " wall."
PLATE III., FIG. A.— Cutting XXXIII., the Well, taken from the
N., September 17th, 1913. The spade rests on the solid chalk arena
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 91
which had been cut through subsequently for the purpose of sinking
the well (4ft. in diam.). This view shows the steps, or foot-holds,
cut into the S.S.E. face of the Well ; there were thirteen steps on each
side. The Well was apparently never completed, the bottom being
reached at a depth of 27ft. below the surface of the turf. Owing to
previous mutilation of the solid chalk the mouth of the Well was
" steaned " with Purbeck stone slabs on the X.W.
PLATE III., FIG. B. — Cutting XXX., taken from the slope of the
Terrace, looking S.W. (September 24th, 1913). The view clearly
shows the upper margin of the mouths of Shafts XII., XIII., XIV.
and XV. (counting from the S. end). On the right the solid chalk
arena-floor is seen, and on the left part of the platform of the enclosure
which was about l-5ft. lower than the arena-floor. The Inner and
Outer Trenches are seen in section at the S. end, and in the foreground
part of the Outer Trench cut into the solid chalk at the foot of the
" wall."
PLATE IV. — Cutting XXX., on the E.S.E. side of the Rings, taken
from the N.W. on October 2nd, 1913, at the close of the excavations,
and after the whole of the solid chalk in the cutting had been laid bare.
The upper figure stands on the solid chalk below the Great Bank ;
and the lower figure on the platform of the enclosure recessed into the
arena-wall. Along both sides of this area post-holes are seen, and at
the S. end a recess in the wall. Strut-holes can be traced on the top
of the wall on both sides of the photograph, and in the foreground
the extreme E. margin of the line of shafts. The old turf line under
the Great Bank is clearly defined ; also the oblique seams of rubble
forming the earthwork, and the horizontal stratification of the Civil
War Terrace.
PLATE V. — Cutting XXXII., outside the Great Bank on the N.N.W.,
October 3rd, 1913. This view, taken from the N.N.W., shows the
stratification of the seams forming the earthwork. The old turf line,
at a max. depth of 15ft. below the crest, is clearly defined, and below
it the natural solid chalk is seen. The large lumps of chalk in the
foreground (left-hand side) were obtained from the earthwork. At
the foot of the bank a trench, apparently of modern construction, is
shown re-excavated, and the nature of its loose filling is seen on the
face of the cutting.
92 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
I. — INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
In our last report reference was made to the unfinished
exploration of the amphitheatre known as " King Arthur's
Round Table " at Caerleon. It was hoped that a fund of
£500 might be raised to purchase the site, complete the
excavations, and put the walls of masonry into such a state
of repair as to enable them to withstand the weather.
Unfortunately the Caerleon committee has been dissolved,
and the scheme is in abeyance.
Beyond the city wall at Caerwent and on its N.E. side, as
noted in our last report, a structure was discovered in
September, 1912, which was at first thought to be a second
Roman amphitheatre, but later explorations show it to be a
round temple enclosing an octagonal structure.*
In connection with the pre-history of Maumbury — its
shafts, &c. — we look forward to the results of the systematic
excavations which are being carried out at the Grime's
Graves, Weeting, Norfolk, by the Prehistoric Society of East
Anglia. The Grime's Graves consist of 254 saucer-shaped
depressions which are the mouths of shafts excavated in the
chalk rock. One of these shafts was excavated by Canon
Green well in 1870, and found to be 39 feet deep with galleries
at the bottom. Among the objects discovered were seventy-
nine red-deer antler picks (all below 17ft. from the surface),
more or less complete, a ground axe of basaltic stone, cup-
shaped vessels of chalk supposed to be lamps, and a well-
made chalk phallus (now in the British Museum).
As director of the excavations, I had the pleasure of con-
tinuing the work at Maumbury in 1913 from September 4th
to October 4th (the filling -in being completed subsequently).
The sub-Committee, consisting of Dr. H. Colley March, F.S.A.
(Chairman], Captain J. E. Acland, F.S.A. (Secretary], Mr. J.
Meade Falkner, Mr. C. S. Prideaux, and Mr.W. de C. Prideaux,
* Archaeologia, LXIV., 447—452.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 93
rendered me most valuable support.* These antiquaries
were frequently on the ground, and their assistance from
time to time in the general organization of the investigations
and overlooking of the workmen was extremely helpful to
the director.! Mr. Sebastian Evans, who did much for the
1912 excavations, offered his assistance, which was readily
accepted and greatly appreciated. Mr. C. S. Prideaux again
rendered the Committee great service by lending his camping
outfit, and although he could not be present during the whole
of the operations this season, his interest in the work was as
keen as ever.
The director has held himself responsible, as in former
years, for the recording of the work, the preparation of all
the plans, sectional drawings and photographs, { as well as
the care and repair of the relics discovered. Help in the
matter of identifying natural history specimens has been
kindly rendered by Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., Mr. E. T.
Newton, F.R.S., and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
In conjunction with this, the Fifth Interim Report,
subscribers are recommended to read the previously
published papers on the subject, to enable them to interpret
the full significance of some of the details of structural
interest ; they are published in the Proceedings, Dorset Field
Club, and also issued separately. The sketch-plan (Plate I.)
is intended merely to show the general outline of " the Rings J>
and the relative position of the thirty-five cuttings which
have been made.
* Since the last series of excavations in 1912 the Sub -Committee
has lost a valued Member in the person of the Rev. C. W. Whistler, who
died at Broad wey on June 10th, 1913.
f A maximum number of ten men was employed for the excavations,
with John Lush as foreman.
J Subscribers may see the full series of photographs (1908-1910,
1912, and 1913) — considerably over 100— on applying at the Dorset
County Museum.
94 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBUBY RINGS.
II. — SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
During the season the investigation of the Well (Cutting
XXXIII.), the N.W. margin of which had been found at the
close of the excavations in 1912, was completed (Plate III.,
A). It appeared to have been sunk in the XVII. Century
by the Parliamentarians, who, fearing the loss of their
usual water supply, evidently decided to sink a well
inside the earthwork. It was never finished, and it is
probable that circumstances did not necessitate its com-
pletion.
We had hoped that time would have permitted us to open
up the arena-wall and the inner and outer trenches on the
E. side, from the " transverse axis " to the E. end of Cutting
II. Extension near the N. Entrance. But the excavation of
Cutting XXX. (Plate I.) entailed such an enormous amount
of labour that only a comparatively small digging (No. XXXI.)
could be made adjoining Cutting II. Extension, the inter-
mediate ground, left untouched, covering a maximum length
of 38-75ft.
The usual structural features were revealed in Cuttings
XXX. and XXXI., the former digging including the removal
of the large quantity of material which filled an enclosure
recessed into the arena-wall — an area of similar dimensions
to the corresponding one excavated on the opposite
side of the Rings in Cutting XX. (1910). A line of five
shafts was also investigated in Cutting XXX. (Plate III.,
B). All these features will be described in their proper
place.
But, perhaps, the most important work of 1913 was that
carried out with a view of ascertaining the date of the Great
Bank enclosing the shafts and arena. For this purpose the
excavation of Cutting XXX. (Plate IV.) was continued
towards the E.S.E. as far as the middle of the crest of the
encircling earthwork, and a similar cutting (No. XXXII.)
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 95
was made half-way through the Great Bank on the N.N.W.
from the outside of the Rings (Plate V.). In both these
cuttings the old turf line was found to be clearly defined at a
depth of 15ft. below the crest of the bank, and in Cutting
XXXII. it was slightly higher than the general level of the
field on the N.W. at the present day. As a trench — appar-
ently of late date — was found at the foot of the bank in
Cutting XXXII. (Plate V.), two small excavations were
made on the N. and E.N.E. (Cuttings XXXIV. and
XXXV., Plate I.) to ascertain if this trench continued
round the earthwork. It was clearly defined in both these
places.
There is strong negative evidence that the Great Bank is
of the same date as the shafts. The few relics found in the
two cuttings are such as have been obtained in the shafts,
and nothing which could be definitely assigned to the Bronze
Age, or the Late -Celtic or Roman period, was revealed in
this part of the investigations. Not a single object was
obtained from the actual surface of the old turf, but in
Cutting XXX. an antler pick (No. 395), of the same type as
those found in the shafts, was uncovered about 1ft. above the
original surface ; and in Cutting XXXII. an antler rake
(No. 412) was obtained within 0'75ft. of the old surface,
and a burr and lower part of a red-deer antler (No. 394) only
a foot above the same level. Fragments of antler were
met with in two other positions in the body of the earthwork,
and a piece of carved chalk of circular section (No. 409),
similar to other carvings of the same character found in the
shafts.
As long intervals have occurred between our excavations,
and as these were filled in after each season's work, it has
been no easy matter to determine whether or not the solid
chalk arena was cut down to a dead level ; but perfect
accuracy does not appear to have been achieved. It is now
found that the greatest deviation from the horizontal (as
ascertained from the parts excavated) is from the S. corner of
Cutting XX. to the E. end of Cutting II. Extension (Plate I.),
96 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
the fall from W.S.W. to E.N.E. being l'32ft.* On the
other hand a level of the floor taken close to the Well (Cutting
XXXIII.) on the N.N.W. agrees exactly with the arena-floor
at the S. end of Cutting XXX. on the E.S.E., but some of
the intermediate levels taken varied to the extent of 0'85ft.
Again, it was ascertained in 1908 that from the centre of
the arena to the N. Entrance there was a gradual fall of
0'75ft., whereas the floor was found to be level from the
centre up to the margin of the so-called " den " on the
S.S.E. The lowest part of the arena appears, therefore,
to have been between Cutting II. Extension and Cutting
XXX.
In speaking of the Roman work it may also be recorded
here that the enclosed platform of solid chalk in Cutting XX.
on the W.N.W. was l*15ft. higher than the nearest part of
the arena-floor, whereas the corresponding platform in
Cutting XXX. on the E.S.E. was T5ft. (average) lower
than the adjacent arena. The maximum dimensions of
each of the enclosed platforms were 15'75ft. by lift. The
so-called "den" (Cutting XV., 1909) measured 17'5ft.
by 13'5ft., and was absolutely level with the adjacent arena-
floor.
From the excavation of Cutting X. (1908) on the N. and
Cutting XXX. (1913) on the E.S.E. , it has been clearly
shown that the vertical depth from the old turf line under
the Great Bank to the adjacent arena-floor is 11 '75ft. ; and
as the average depth between the old turf line and the solid
chalk was found to be 2ft. in Cuttings X., XXX., and XXXII.,
it is evident that a depth of 9 '75ft. of virgin chalk was
removed in the central area subsequently to Neolithic times,
and presumably by the Romans.
As Plate I. shows, the position of seventeen shafts has now
been determined, and a dotted line has been indicated on
* The stratification of the chalk rock dipped from N.N.W. to
S.S.E.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 97
this plan showing that the middle of each shaft is on the line
of a true circle having a diameter of 169ft. Using the same
centre * it is found, from Mr. Feacey's plan, that the general
line of the crest of the Great Bank is practically a circle with
a diameter of about 276ft., and the diameter of the outer
boundary of the earthwork is about 335ft.
The arena-floor, on the other hand, is a wide oval with
diameters of 192*5ft. and 158ft. (measured from the inner
margin of the " inner trench "), and the outside dimensions
of the earthwork including the bulge at the S.S.W. are 345ft.
on the long axis and 335ft. transversely. Within the margin
of the solid arena no trace of a shaft has been found, although
several small cuttings have been made partly with the
intention of testing this point. |
Assuming that the prehistoric shafts existed before the
solid chalk of the central area had been lowered — and the
arena-floor is estimated to be 11 '75ft. lower than the original
ground level — it appears quite evident that, at the surface,
they did not originally take the form of pits at all. It is the
opinion of the director that in the position of these shafts, in
prehistoric times, there existed an immense circular trench,
or ditch, having a medial diameter of about 169ft. Judging
from the excavations in Cutting XXX. and elsewhere, this
ditch was probably some 16ft. deep below the original surface,
and perhaps something like 40ft. wide at the top.J
* The centre of the 169ft. circle is at a distance of about 10ft. S.W.
of the central picket in the arena used for surveying purposes.
t These cuttings were Nos. III., IV., V., VI., XI., XIII., XIV.,
XXXIII. ; also two small unnumbered cuttings between Cutting XXX.
and the centre (vide Plate I.).
J It is possible that these dimensions may have to be altered to
some extent. The approximate width at the top is given on the
assumption that the counterscarp of the fosse was at a very much
steeper pitch than the escarp ; but if the inclination of the escarp and
counterscarp did not vary much, then there must have been a decided
berme between the earthwork and the fosse.
98 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
Estimated by the average slope of the sides of the shafts it
is evident that they could not have shown themselves on
the original surface as pits, and, indeed, it is seen by a glance
at the plan and sections that the mouths of the majority of
the shafts united below the level of the arena-floor. Had we
re-excavated the long hollows, called Shafts IV. and XVII.,
to a greater depth, it is probable that they would have been
found to divide into several pits.
It appears, therefore, that a large circular fosse was
originally cut to obtain material to form the encircling bank,
and that shafts of various shapes were sunk from the bottom
of this trench. On the other hand it is possible that the
shafts may have been excavated first, and before any regular
bottom of the fosse was cut.
We have nothing further to add with regard to the purpose
of the shafts since the last part of Section V. of the 1912
Report was written, beyond what is mentioned above. It
is not known how long they were left open ; but it is evident
that they were not filled in by ramming (except just at the
mouths), as the rubble was found to be very loosely compacted.
There can be no doubt that more chalk was excavated from
the shafts than found its way back into them. The additional
material might have been used to increase the height of the
earthwork.
In the former reports the depth of the shafts has been
given as measured from the nearest part of the arena-turf.
Now that the old surface line under the Great Bank has been
exposed in three places, it is possible to give their approximate
depth below the original surface of Neolithic times. On
these lines it is estimated that the average depth of the seven
re-excavated shafts was originally 35ft., whilst their average
depth below the nearest arena-turf of the present day is
exactly 27ft.*
* The same depth as the unfinished Well.
(Cutting XXXIII.).
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
99
Year of
Approx. depth
Depth in feet
No. of Shaft.
Re-excavation.
in feet below
below nearest
former surface.
arena-turf.
I.
1908
36-4
30-0
VI.
1910
32-8
24-5
IX.
1912
36-8
28-5
X.
1912
33-8
25-5
XI.
1912
36-3
28-0
XIV.
1913
33-6
25-8
XV.
1913
34-5
26-7
The Roman settlers at Dorchester, feeling the need of an
amphitheatre outside their walls, and finding prehistoric
Maumbury in a suitable position, appear to have adapted this
site to their requirements, lowering the central area to convert
it into an arena and leaving the virgin chalk in situ for the
core of the boundary-wall. There can be no doubt that
they found the prehistoric trench open, or rather only partly
silted up, and in some cases the upper part of the mouths of
the shafts would still be open. This is proved by the fact
that in the rammed chalk in the opening of the shafts, and
below the level of the arena-floor, we have constantly found
Roman remains mixed with broken antler picks and flint
implements of Neolithic type. The Romans had not only to
cut out their arena-floor, but to make good the surrounding
ground excavated by the former race by means of rammed
and puddled chalk, which in places, as would be expected
and as we found, had sunk over the position of the
shafts below the level of the solid chalk arena. As yet
there is no proof that the Romans increased the height
of the Great Bank, which has, no doubt, from natural
causes, somewhat shrunk during the many centuries of its
existence.
The Civil War terraces, which were placed against the
prehistoric bank and on the Roman deposits, have been
described elsewhere.
100 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
There are features at Maumbury which resemble
Avebury, and the interior fosse in both cases may have been
intended for the same purpose, perhaps to prevent animals
and the ordinary people from trespassing on a spot reserved
for ceremonies conducted by privileged people. The forth-
coming excavations at Avebury (Easter, 1914), both into the
fosse and vallum, may result in strengthening a comparison
between these two prehistoric enclosures.
III.— CUTTING XXXIII.
THE WELL (PLATES I., II., AND III.).
This cutting, which measured 12ft. by 9ft., partly over-
lapped a small extension of Cutting XXI. (1912). On the
E., S., and W. the Roman arena-floor was reached at an
average depth of 3'4ft. below the surface. The floor was
more or less stained, as in other places, owing to long exposure
during the use of the site as an amphitheatre. The surface
was rather rough, but covered with the " shingle " previously
described.
In the N. corner of the cutting, solid chalk was reached at a
depth of 6- 3ft. and had the appearance of being fresh cut. In
the central area, on the E., S., and W., it was also found that
the ground had been cut out to a greater depth than the
arena-floor, a chalk " wall," T75ft. in height, connecting
the Roman and more recent levels. (Plate III., A.).
On digging deeper in the centre, where loose filling existed,
the mouth of a circular shaft, or well, was revealed, having
a diameter of 4ft. In clearing this area a few fragments of
pottery (one piece glazed) were collected, none of which was
earlier than the XVII. Century.
On the N. side of the shaft some slabs of Purbeck limestone
were uncovered (Plate III., A.), and they were found to
continue round its margin towards the W.N.W. for a distance
of 3ft. (rather more than a quarter of the circumference of the
I
DC-
Q
z-s
Q=i
^ ^
& rT
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 101
hole). It was observed that the well was " steaned " only in
the position where the solid chalk had been cut to a depth of
6 -3ft. The width of the steaning was about 1ft., and what
remained was built in four courses, the bottom being 6' 75ft.
below the surface. The stones on the inner edge were
trimmed to conform to the circular shape of the well. It was
found that the shaft extended downwards with the same
diameter of 4ft.
At a depth of 8ft. below the well's mouth a typical fragment
of glazed stoneware of the Bellarmine type (No. 338) was
found. At 12- 5ft. a piece of red earthenware with a dark
brown glaze (No. 339) was obtained ; this was of the same
type as the albarello (No. 295) found in the New Ditch (Cutting
XXIX.) outside the N. entrance, and referable to the middle
of the XVII. Century. At 14ft. three glazed shards and an
iron horse-shoe nail (No. 341) were found — also modern.
At this stage in the operations we temporarily stopped
the re-excavation, but ultimately decided to obtain some
builder's men, a windlass and other tackle (Plate II.) to
pursue the work further.
Two pieces of black pottery (No. 379) were found at a
depth of 14'3ft. below the well's mouth. One fragment is
modern ; the other I am inclined to regard as Romano-British,
but a single fragment of Roman pottery where the whole
country teems with such shards affords no evidence of date
by itself, and it might easily have become mixed with the
material used for filling the well. The iron nail (No. 382),
depth 19ffc., has a decidedly modern appearance.
At 15ft. below the mouth of the well the pieces of chalk
rubble became very large, and at 16ft. Purbeck slabs began
to be found and continued to the bottom. About eleven
dozen of these stone slabs were afterwards counted, and most
of them were shaped, one edge being slightly concave. From
this fact it was evident that at one time the mouth of the well
was steaned more extensively than it was when we found it,
and it is possible that the stones originally extended all round
the mouth.
102 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
Nodules of flint were occasionally found in the filling down
to 19ft. The chalk increased in moisture at the lower levels,
but even at the bottom it was not really wet. To test the
true bottom the solid chalk was cut away with a pick-axe
to a thickness exceeding Gins.
Resting on the bottom of the well, thin ironwork (No. 386)
was found in a fragmentary condition. Some of this was
thin sheet iron bent over to double the thickness. Three
pieces resemble thin door-hinges in form ; three other
pieces are of stouter material ; these have rivet-holes at
more or less regular intervals, and some of the rivets still
remain, to man}7 of which oak adheres. In some places
a coarse woven fabric is seen between the wood and iron.
These remains do not appear to have formed part of a
bucket.
Conspicuous features in the structure of the well were the
steps, of footholds (Plate III., A.), which occurred in vertical
order on opposite faces, i.e., on the N.N.W. and S.S.E.,
thirteen steps on each side. On the N.N.W. the lowest step
was 2'2ft., and the lowest step on the other side 3'2ft., from
the bottom of the well. The steps in both lines were at
somewhat irregular distances apart, but the average was
T55ft. ; their average size was — Depth, Sins. ; height,
5ins. ; width, 9ins.
The bottom was reached at a depth of 27ft. below the
surface, and 21 '85ft. below the solid chalk margin of the mouth
of the well.
There can be little doubt that this well was sunk in the
troubled times of Charles I., when Maumbury was a Parlia-
mentarian fort. All the relics, with perhaps one exception,
appear to be of the XVII. Century. It is highly probable
that the Parliamentary forces, fearing the loss of their usual
water supply, decided to sink this well, and it would appear
that circumstances did not after all necessitate its com-
pletion. It is not likely that water was found at so high a
level, and no silt, or any other soft material, was found at the
bottom.
D
Tl
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 103
IV.— CUTTING XXX.
(PLATES I., II., III., AND IV.).
This was by far the largest cutting which has been made at
Maumbury. Its position is on the line of the transverse
axis and on the E.S.E. side of the Rings. It extended from
the E. margin of the arena through the highest part of the
Civil War terrace, and half-way through the Great Bank to
its crest (Plates I., II.). The horizontal length of the cutting,
in the direction indicated, was 63ft., and the width on the
curve of the arena about 47ft. The margins in other
directions were irregular and governed by the structure
revealed as the excavations proceeded. At this spot the
highest part of the terrace is 12' 7ft., and the crest of the
Great Bank is 22 '9ft. above the arena-turf.
The arena-floor was reached at the S.W. end of the cutting
at a depth of 3' 75ft. below the surface, and at the N.W. end
4 -35ft. Not far from the W. margin a fine chalk rubble
occurred at the floor level, and it soon became evident that
shafts of a similar character to those discovered in other
cuttings also existed here ; and the W. half of their openings
gave the edge of the solid arena-floor a sinuous outline
(Plate III., B.).
In removing the chalk rubble and other filling, the following
relics were discovered, the great majority of them being of
the Roman period : —
337. A large number of shards of black Romano -British pottery
found spread over a small area just under the turf. Much of it has
burnished line ornament, including the common lattice pattern.
340. Globular bead of light grey colour formed from a fossil
hydrozoon, Porosphaera globularis. Found in the upper Roman
mould. A similar bead was found in 1910 (No. 175), and has been
figured. About three dozen of these fossils were collected from various
parts of Cutting XXX. and at different depths ; but very few of them
had been bored for use as beads.
342. Piece of brilliant bluish-green vitreous paste, probably part
of a tessera. Found in the Roman area.
104 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
343. Third brass coin of Tetricus II., A.D. 268-273. Depth
3 -5ft.
344. Bronze fibula, the pin detached (and found at some little
distance off) ; length 59mm. (Illustrated}. It has a thin, slightly
arched bow, wide at the head and gradually tapering towards the nose.
Found in the Roman deposits over the platform. The brooch is of a
type common in S.W. Britain.
345. Iron arrow-head with one pointed barb remaining ; socket
broken ; length 52mm. ; much corroded. (Illustrated.} Found near
No. 344. Another arrow-head of iron (No. 335) was found in Cutting
XXI.
346. Tessera of pale grey-coloured stone. Depth 2-6ft.
347. 348. Two pieces of cut chalk with deep parallel scorings.
Found just above the level of the arena-floor.
349. Part of a handle of dark brown earthenware, Romano -
British ; of angular form, and ornamented with two deep parallel
grooves. (Illustrated.} Found in a similar position to Nos. 347, 348.
350. Roughly formed disc made from a piece of thick red tile,
diam. 3£ins. Depth 3'4ft.
351. Fragment of human skull. Depth 3 -3ft.
352. Third brass coin of the third century ; British imitation of
a Roman coin of Claudius Gothicus (or one of the Gallic emperors),
A.D. 265-270 ; of the " Pax. Aug." type. Depth 3-3ft.
353. Fragment of thin terra sigillata, unornamented. Found
between Shafts XII. and XIII., 1ft. below the level of the arena-
floor.
354. Three fragments of lathe-turned Roman pottery, of light
terra-cotta colour ; unornamented. Found between Shafts XIV.
and XV., 1ft. belowr the level of the arena-floor.
355. Part of a well-worn whetstone ; square section. Found near
No. 354.
356. Stone tessera of a greyish-green hue, about |in. square.
Found in the mouth of Shaft XIII., depth 7 -5ft. below the surface.
358. Two fragments of coarse pottery of Romano-British type.
Found with part of an antler pick (No. 357) at the top of Shaft XIII.,
3- 1ft. below the level of the arena-floor.
362. Two fragments of a light-coloured mortarium. Found over
Shaft XIV., depth 4 -5ft. below the surface.
363. Base of a Roman amphora, of a reddish buff colour. Found
over Shaft XIV., depth 4ft. below the surface.
364. Penannular brooch of bronze, with bulbous terminals, ribbed
obliquely; arched pin. (Illustrated.) Found over Shaft XV., depth
4 -3ft. below the surface. This form of terminal is rarer than the
turned-baok terminal so common in S.W. Britain.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
105
344
374
375
345
RELICS FOUND AT MAUMBURY RINGS, 1913.
(All found in Cutting XXX.)
344. Bronze Fibula. 345. Iron Arrow-head. 349. Handle of pot, Roman.
364, 372. Penannular Brooches of bronze. 368. Pottery handle, Romano
British. 374. Stone Counter. 375. Iron Spear -head. 388, 391. Flint Scrapers.
(From Drawings by Mr. E. Sprankling.)
106 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
365. Handle of black earthenware of a saucer or other vessel, with
a vertical groove as ornament ; the aperture is almost circular ; of
a common Dorset type. Found with a piece of imitation Samian
pottery, depth 2 -8ft.
366. Piece of skull bone (probably human) and a piece of Romano-
British pottery. Found at the top of Shaft XVI., depth 7'4ft. below
the surface.
367. Fragment of terra sigillata, bearing traces of galloping horses
as ornament. Depth 3ft.
368. Handle of dark brown pottery, similar to No. 365, but
ornamented with two vertical grooves ; the aperture is of D-shaped
form. (Illustrated.} Found near No. 365.
369. Part of a sharpened bone implement, similar to No. 175
found in 1910. Depth 3 -2ft. It closely resembles a number of
implements found in the Lake-villages of Somerset.
372. Penannular brooch of bronze of a common S.W. type, in
good preservation and finely patinated ; the loose pin is slightly
arched ; turned-back terminals, moulded and grooved transversely.
(Illustrated.} Found over Shaft XV., depth 3-8ft. below the surface.
A similar brooch (No. 98) was found at Maumbury in 1909, and has
been figured.
373. Fragment of fine grey pottery of sandy texture, with yellow
glaze on the outside ; probably Roman. Depth 2 -5ft.
374. Counter, or draughtsman, of light grey-coloured stone, with
smooth flat faces ; diam. 20'5mm. (Illustrated.} Depth 3 '4ft.
375. Small iron spear-head, with short socket formed by hammer-
ing over the metal ; point missing. (Illustrated.} Depth 3 '6ft.
376. Skeleton of a dog, described with the animal remains.
381. Iron staple — a spike terminating in a ring ; length 4fins.
Found on the platform.
383. Uninscribed British coin of bronze, of a degraded type common
in Dorset ; somewhat defaced. Found in the Outer Trench, depth
4-5ft. below the surface. Another specimen (No. 406), burnt, slightly
bent and somewhat defaced, was found just above the arena -floor
(depth l*8ft.) in the narrow cutting between Cutting XXX. and the
middle of the arena. A third example (No. 269) was found in
Cutting XXI. (1912).
384. Part of a " tazza " with overhanging flange, of a reddish-buff
ware ; Roman. Found 2ins. above the platform.
385. Several fragments of one or two vessels of very thin terra
sigillata. Found a little to the W. of the platform and just above it.
387. Part of a human skull, including the right meatus audit-emus
and mastoid process. Found with Roman remains at the top of the
filling of Shaft XIV.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 107
388. Discoidal scraper of flint, chipped, of Neolithic type ;
diameters 49mm. and 53'5mm. (Illustrated.) Found at the top of
the filling of Shaft XIV., in association with Roman remains.
389. Piece of lathe-turned armlet of Kimmeridge shale. Found
0'5ft. above the arena-floor.
390. Fragment of a handle of a vessel of Romano-British pottery,
ornamented with three grooves on the line of the handle. Found 1ft.
above the arena-floor.
391. Discoidal scraper of flint, of Neolithic type, well formed and
chipped; of circular outline, diam. 48mm. (Illustrated.) Found
near the scraper, No. 388.
407. Head of a human femur. Found on the solid chalk ridge
between Shafts XIII. and XIV,, and at the bottom of the Inner Trench.
413. Iron nail, length 2|ins. Found in a post-hole in the Outer
Trench.
Charcoal, fairly well preserved, was collected from three places
among the Roman deposits, including one spot 0'35ft. above the
platform. All this charcoal was examined by Mr. Clement Reid,
F.R.S., and proved to be oak.
Comparing Cuttings XX. and XXI. (1910 and 1912) on
the W.N.W. side of the arena with Cutting XXX. (1913) on
the opposite side, very few structural features were disclosed.
In clearing away the many tons of material from the old
surface on which the Civil War terrace had been raised, the
usual number of shards and other objects (mostly of the
XVII. Century) were collected, including part of a glazed
tile (No. 361) and about 13 J dozen bullets of lead (No. 336)
found under the turf in the middle of the slope of the highest
part of the terrace, spread over an area some three yards in
diameter, few of them being found at a greater depth than
0-5ft.
Judging from the condition of these bullets (many being consider-
ably flattened) they had been discharged from a gun or pistol. From
those in good condition it is ascertained that they vary in diameter
from 14-5mm. to 18'5mm. They seem to afford evidence of target
practice, the shots being fired probably from the corresponding terrace
on the W. side. The director having recently seen similar bullets from
Naseby in Warwick Museum, asked Lieut. -Colonel A. Leetham,
Curator of the Royal United Service Institution, to compare the
Maumbury bullets with some in his charge, and he reports that the
108 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBUBY RINGS.
Dorchester specimens are similar in shape and size to the examples
from the battlefields of Naseby and Marston Moor and the siege of
Athlone, and he sees no reason why they should not be of the Charles I.
period. "The calibre of the bullet varied considerably, as did the
musket of that day ; but as a matter of fact the shape of the bullet
did not vary until the Brown Bess went out, and indeed the round
bullet was in use up to the time of the Crimean War. Mr. ffoulkes'
solution may be the correct one, as the pistols of the XVII. Century
were of large and varied calibres, and there are such weapons in the
Institution's Museum which would take either of the two bullets you
send."
Mr. Charles ffoulkes, F.S.A., Keeper of the Tower Armouries, who
has seen some of the Maumbury bullets, wrote :— " The bullets are more
probably pistol bullets, as all the arquebuses that are at the Tower
are of much larger calibre. In the XVII. Century the pistol was fired
at point blank ; some writers advised ' touching the enemy's breast-
plate with the pistol before it was discharged.' If your find is of
different calibre it would bear out the theory that they are for pistols,
as each regiment had as near as possible the same calibre of arquebus
for obvious reasons. The disadvantage of having pieces of different
bore was found in Elizabeth's reign, when the ' caliver ' was intro-
duced to give uniformity."
After the removal of the terrace the top of the solid chalk
arena-wall was soon disclosed, also the outline of an area
deeply recessed into the wall, which proved to be an enclosure
of similar character and proportions to that found on the
opposite side of the Rings. (Plates III., IV.). By degrees
the floor of the enclosed area, bounded on three sides by
chalk walls and open towards the arena, was cleared, and in
carrying out this work a good number of relics and shards of
the Roman period were collected. The platform was found
to be smooth and well worn, but there was a decided fall
from front to back amounting to 0'7ft. Owing to the presence
of shafts and the consequent disturbance of the chalk rock
in this position the W. margin of the platform was somewhat
irregular. The dimensions, however, were exactly the same
as the W. enclosure, viz., length 15'75ft., width lift.
Along both sides and at the foot of the wall of the enclosure
were two trenches, that on the S. 6' 75ft. and that on the
N. 6ft. long ; they were rift, deep below the platform and
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 109
of an average width of l'2ft. at the top (Plate IV.). At each
end of the trench there were single post-holes, one D-shaped,
one round, and two square. All of them were l'85ft. deep
below the platform. These trenches correspond exactly
with those found in the W. enclosure. The chalk wall at the
back of this area reached a height of 10ft. ; the lower half
stood at an angle of about 80°. There was no trench at its
foot, nor was there one at the foot of the corresponding wall
in the W. enclosure. A deep recess of semi-circular section
penetrated the wall at the W. end of the S. trench ; this
recess extended to a height of 3'9ft. above the floor. Its base
was O'Sft. above the platform, whereas the bottom of the
similar recess in the S. wall of the W. enclosure (Cutting XX.)
was 2ft. above that platform. If the posts in the S. side-
trenches carried hoardings these recesses would have been
obscured.
Near the top of the arena -wall to the N. of the enclosure
three and to the S. two strut-holes were noted, and they were
of a similar form to those found elsewhere in previous years.
(Plates II., IV.).
Owing to the existence of shafts between the arena-wall
and enclosure and the nearest part of the solid arena-floor,
the inner and outer trenches, which bounded the arena in all
parts of the Roman amphitheatre, were very difficult to trace in
this cutting, for the reason that they had been almost entirely
cut in the rammed filling above the mouths of the shafts, and
indeed no part of the inner trench had sides or bottom of
solid chalk. Here and there the outer trench penetrated
the solid chalk (see foreground, Plate III., B.), but even in
those places its sides were composed of rammed chalk in the
upper parts. The average width of the gangway was 3ft.
(as elsewhere), and the average width occupied by both
trenches was 7' 2ft. No post-holes could be traced in the
inner trench, but in the outer trench two circular post-holes
were noted at the S. end of the cutting, a square one in the
middle of the front of the enclosure, and five square ones at
the N. end.
110 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
From this cutting, in conjunction with others, it appeared
probable that long before the existence of the enclosure and
the inner and outer barriers, there was a prehistoric trench
of large proportions between the arena-wall and the solid
arena-floor on the line of the shafts discovered. This cutting
added five more pits to those previously known, viz., Shafts
XII., XIII., XIV., XV., and XVI. (Plate III., B.). Only part of
the N. margin of Shaft XII. was traced at the S. end of the
cutting ; of Shaft XIII. * the N. and S. margins were cleared
(giving a width of only 3'75ft.) ; of Shaft XVI. at the N. end
only the S. margin could be determined. But the outlines
of Shafts XIV. and XV. in the central part of the cutting
were entirely re-excavated.
Shaft XIV. (Plate I.). — This was of an irregular oval form,
the long diameter, 12ft. at the mouth, being E. and W., the
short diameter 6' 75ft. (The mouth of this shaft is seen
between the platform and the surveying post, Plate III., B.).
It was found to be 25' 8ft. deep below the nearest arena-turf,
and 33' 6ft. below the old turf line under the Great Bank.
Towards the bottom it was of circular section with diameters
of 4ft. at 9ft., and 3' 1ft. at 1ft., from the bottom. At higher
levels the rounded section had a flattening on the W. The
bottom was basin-shaped, but not quite true, being slightly
deeper on the S.W. than on the N.E. The chalk rubble
filling of this shaft was moister than in any of the other pits
re-excavated.
Besides the antler pick (No. 402), depth 9ft., and an antler
rake (No. 392), depth 6'5ft. below the arena-turf, a few
other fragments of antler were found at a depth of 8 '5ft.
Below this very little was discovered until, at a short distance
from the bottom, a fine rounded nodule of flint about 5Jins.
in diameter was brought to light. Within a foot of the
bottom a pick formed from the antler of a slain red-deer
(No. 405) was discovered ; the skull part was slightly charred,
* In the mouth of this shaft part of a pick (No. 357) and the point
of an antler tine (No. 359) were found.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. Ill
the bez- and trez-tines were carefully reduced to stumps, and
the brow-tine bore evidence of considerable wear. Below
this a little burnt matter and charcoal (too fragmentary for
preservation) were observed ; and a large lump of chalk
(No. 408), length Tins., scratched with deep parallel incisions,
with a tapering hole penetrating one surface to a depth of
l^in., and having a diameter of l^in. at the top.
Shaft XV. (Plate I.). — This pit was of similar form to
Shaft XIV., having at the mouth a long diameter of 14ft.
from E. to W. and a short diameter of 8ft. from N. to S.
(The W. end of its mouth is seen in the foreground of Plate
III., B.). It was found to be 26' 7ft. deep below the nearest
arena-turf, and 34- 5ft. below the old turf -line under the
Great Bank. At 6' 2ft. from the bottom there was a definite
constriction in the walls of the shaft with a steeper pitch to
the base ; the diameter at this point varied from 3'2ft. to
3'5ft. The bottom was very smooth, basin-shaped, and
quite circular in. section, the diameter at 1ft. from the base
being only T7ft. Nodules of flint in the filling — tried or
otherwise — were not plentiful.
Parts of the crown of two antlers (No. 370), one bearing
traces of fire, were found in the mouth of the shaft, depth
6'2ft. (the following depths are below nearest arena-turf) ;
and at a depth of 7 '6ft. portion of the antler of a slain red-deer
(No. 377). At 5-2ft. an antler pick (No. 380), in a weathered
condition ; and at lift, some pieces of burnt antler and
fragments of decayed oak (No. 397) were obtained. At 4* 7ft.
from the bottom, an antler pick (No. 399) in good condition
was found ; it bears clear evidence of cutting in various places,
presumably with stone tools. At T2ft. above the bottom
an antler pick (No. 400), considerably damaged, was un-
covered ; the beam is very massive, having a maximum
circumference of 165mm. between the bez- and trez-tines ;
circumference just above the burr about 206mm. Within
2ins. of the bottom the crown of an antler (No. 401) of two
points was found, somewhat abnormal and flat ; it was
stained by fire like No. 400.
112 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
Above and below the pick (No. 400) a large mass of frag-
ments of charred antler was revealed, some of the pieces being
far more calcined than others ; one or two fragmentary
animal bones were also found here,and a good deal of blackened
wood (not true charcoal). This was identified at the Royal
Botanic Gardens at Kew as hornbeam (Carpinus betulus).
It is said that this tree is now rare in Dorset, though an
undoubted native.
Four pieces of flint, much calcined, were found in the mouths
of some of the shafts, viz., No. 360 in Shaft XIII., Nos. 393
and 414 in Shaft XIV., and No. 371 in Shaft XV.
In the 1912 Report it was recorded that a remarkable
carving in chalk was found in the filling of Shaft X., which
perhaps affords further evidence of phallicism in early pre-
historic times. This season two somewhat similar objects
of chalk were discovered. No. 409 is mentioned in the
description of Cutting XXXII. into the earthwork. The
other (No. 378) was found in the mouth of Shaft XV., and
consists of a piece of carved chalk of circular section, broken
at both ends ; diam. at larger end 2Jins., tapering to 2jins.
at the other end.
Excavation of the Great Bank (Plates II., IV.). — At the same
time as the excavation of the enclosure and shafts was in
progress, men were employed in penetrating the Great Bank
(to the middle of its crest) on the line of the transverse axis.
This part of the cutting was 10ft. wide at the top, a con-
siderable batter being necessary to keep the sides standing
as the digging was continued downwards.
The upper part of the Civil War terrace, which had to be
removed, was composed chiefly of chalk rubble, closely
compacted and with horizontal stratification. The maximum
thickness of this material, measured vertically, proved to be
5' 8ft. ; and the width of the whole terrace (at its highest
part), measured horizontally, was 33ft. Below it the old
surface covered in the XVII. Century was clearly defined,
and its junction with the turf at the E. margin of the terrace
was quite distinct.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY E1NGS. 113
The excavation of the earthwork was carried down in all
parts to the surface of the solid chalk ; in the contour of the
latter there was a considerable amount of irregularity at the
W. end, the difference in level being accounted for by a hole,
or shelf, in the solid chalk (maximum depth 2ft.), which
extended across the cutting from N. to S. (Seen at top of
the ladder, Plate IV.) From this hole to the E. end the
level of the solid chalk varied to the extent of T5ft. As in
Cutting XXXII. into the outer part of the Great Bank on
the N., the ancient turf line in Cutting XXX., of dark brown
unctuous mould (max. thickness 0'5ft.), stood out in marked
contrast with the chalk rufible of which the greater part
of the earthwork was composed. A length of 25ft. was
uncovered, and its surface deviated from a straight line to
the extent of O75ft. The old surface (represented by a
black line in Plate IV.) was discovered at a depth of 15ft.
beneath the crest of the bank. Below it the chalk rock was
reached at depths varying from T65ft. to 2 '35ft. Near the
E. end, instead of finding undisturbed rubble under the old
surface line, dark mould for a length of 7'3ft. extended down
to the chalk rock ; no relics were found in this material, and
it did not appear to have any special significance, and was
probably natural. In one place a dark patch of old turf was
met with at a level of 2-2ft. above the old surface line.
The stratification of the chalk rubble and mould forming
the body of the bank was extremely interesting, as may be
seen on the S. side of the cutting in Plate IV. In the middle
there were layers of fine and coarse chalk rubble alternating
with narrower seams of mixed mould and fine rubble ; these
seams were inclined towards the E. at an angle of about 35°.
This feature provided an object lesson as to the manner in
which the material was thrown up, or carried up in baskets.
At the W. limit of the Great Bank there was a difference in
the soils, and the original bank appeared to have been
disturbed as far inwards as the old surface line was found to
begin. Here (on the S. face of the cutting) the section of
what appeared to be a small trench, or ledge, filled with a
114 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
fine silt of mixed mould and rubble, was observed and
plotted ; but, as no relics or pottery were found, no definite
evidence of date was obtained.
Nothing was obtained from the body of the bank except a
few bones of young pig (Sus scrofa) near the top, and an
antler pick (No. 395), with the handle-end incomplete, found in
an important position 1ft. above the old turf line. It is a
small shed antler of red-deer with the brow-tine fairly com-
plete, and the bez- and trez-tines cut down as stumps. The
pick is smooth and bears signs of considerable wear, and is of
precisely the same type as those found in the prehistoric shafts.
We obtained no conclusive evidence of the date of the
Great Bank ; but the fact that few remains were found here
and in the similar digging on the N.N.W. (Cutting XXXII.),
and that nothing of Roman date was found in either of these
cuttings, points to the probability that the earthwork is
prehistoric and contemporaneous with the accompanying
shafts.
V.— CUTTING XXXI. (PLATE I.).
Cutting XXXI. was a quadrilateral area (seen on left-hand
side, Plate II.), the sides measuring from 20ft. to 23* 75ft. in
length. Its N.W. corner abutted against the S.E. margin of
Cutting II. Extension. The digging revealed the usual
features, viz., the material forming the Civil War terrace
resting upon an old surface which covered the Roman and
earlier work, the chalk wall of the arena, and the inner and
outer trenches with the solid gangway between. On the
S.W. the outline of a large shaft (or shafts ?), bearing the
number XVII., came to light. In the rubble filling at the
mouth no prehistoric remains were found, but we examined the
material no deeper than 8- 15ft. below the surface of the turf.
The E. margin of the pit was practically in the same position
as the inner edge of the inner trench. Square post-holes
were revealed in two places on the margin of the shaft, one
filling the centre of a basin-shaped cavity in the solid chalk.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 115
In the inner trench, which was 2ft. deep below the 3ft. gang-
way, a circular post-hole was noted. On the arena-wall two
strut-holes were found, and two others further S. were trace-
able. The wall was uncovered under the terrace to a height
of 5ft. above the gangway.
On clearing the outer trench of rubble it was found to have
an average depth of 2 -2ft. below the gangway. In it the
position of six post-holes (mostly rectangular) was clearly
traced, the second from the N. being situated in a basin-
shaped depression in the bottom of the trench. The post-
holes were by no means equi-distant, but they were on an
average 3 '3ft. apart.
The outer trench was not continuous throughout, and
between the second and third post-holes from the N. there
was a decided ridge of solid chalk rising from the bottom of
the trench. The bottom of the trench terminated at a
distance of 3ft. from the S. end of the cutting, and it gradually
sloped up to the level of the gangway at l'7ft. further S.
The discontinuity of this trench was not noticed elsewhere
in the excavations.
There was a comparative paucity of relics in this cutting ;
the unnumbered finds in the Roman deposits included a few
iron nails, a stone and an earthenware tessera, and three
pieces of terra sigillata. The numbered objects were as
follows : —
396. XVI. Century Nuremberg counter, Hans Kravwinckel.
Depth 2ft.
403. Third brass Roman coin, burnt and unidentifiable. Depth
4-5ft.
404. Long iron nail, bent, with large thin head. Found on level
of the arena-floor.
VI.— CUTTINGS XXXII., XXXIV., AND XXXV.
(PLATES I. AND V.).
Cutting XXXII. was made through the outer half of the
Great Bank on the N.N.W., and was 35ft. in length by 12ft.
116 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
in width. At the N. end the digging was begun 5ft. beyond
the foot of the rampart ; from this point the bank rises to a
height of 17'4ft. The old turf line was found to be clearly
defined for a length of 18'5ft., its max. thickness being O25ft.
It consisted of a dark brown unctuous mould, without any
admixture of chalk. Below its surface the solid chalk was
reached at depths varying from T8ft. to 2'3ft. The vertical
height of the earthwork above the old surface line (clearly
seen in Plate V.) was 15ft.
The turf -mould was seldom found to be more than Gins,
thick, and below that most of the thrown-up material con-
sisted of chalk rubble, streaked with mould of different
colours ; some of the lumps of chalk were very large.
No relics were found on the old turf line, but at 0'75ft.
above it an antler rake (No. 412), of a type found in the
shafts, was uncovered. The objects found were as
follows : — *
394. Burr and lower part of a red-deer antler. Found about 1ft.
above the old surface line.
398. Point of a red-deer tine, well worn. Found in the body of
the earthwork. Depth 4'75ft. below the surface.
409. Piece of carved chalk of circular section broken at the smaller
end ; diam. 2|ins. tapering to 2f ins. ; present length, 2|ins. ; similar
to Nos. 309 and 378 described elsewhere. Found 2-5ft. above the old
surface line.
411. Burr and part of beam of an antler, much weathered. Found
10'6ft. below the surface.
412. Rake, consisting of the crown of an antler of three points ;
also a piece of decayed oak (C. Reid). Found 0'7ft. above the old
turf line.
In digging the bank at the N. end the outline of the top of a
ditch was noticed on both faces of the cutting (Plate V.).
On removal of the silting, it was seen that a trench had been
cut into the solid chalk subsequently to the formation of the
Great Bank, the latter having been considerably scarped in
* A piece of burnt skull-bone (probably human) was also found
in the body of the earthwork.
PLATE V
MAUMBURY RINGS, DORCHESTER, 1913. CUTTING XXXII.
STRUCTURE OF THE GREAT BANK ON THE N. N. W.
(Full Title given at the beginning of the Report).
From a Photograph by Mr. H. St. George Gray.
EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 117
the construction of the ditch. Unfortunately no relics were
found in the filling — which appeared to be a comparatively
modern accumulation. At the level of the old turf line this
ditch was about 7ft. wide, and extended to a depth of 2*5ft.
below the level of the chalk rock ; the ditch was l'75ft. wide
at the bottom.
At the W. end of Cutting XXIX., as mentioned in the 1912
Report, a trench, having a width of about 3ft. at the bottom,
was traced for a length of 5ft. running at a level of T7ft.
higher than the New Ditch which terminated against the
earthwork. This record, taken in conjunction with the line
of the trench in Cutting XXXII., led us to make a small
intermediate cutting (No. XXXIV., measuring 8'6ft. by
3'3ft.) on the N. and against the foot of the Great Bank
(Plate I.). Here we found a trench cut to a depth of 2 '6ft.
in the solid chalk, 6ft. wide at the surface of the chalk rock,
and l'9ft. wide at the bottom. The bottom was 2 -85ft.
lower than the floor of the trench in Cutting XXXII. (S.W.
side) ; the natural fall of the ground was in the same direc-
tion. No relics were found in the filling.
To test the matter further, another cutting (No. XXXV. j,
measuring 10ft. by 2ft., was made in a similar position on the
E.N.E. side of the Rings, and here again a trench was found
now covered by the foot of the Great Bank. It was 4ft. deep
below the solid chalk, with a width of at least 8ft. at the same
level, and 1'Sft. wide at the bottom. At a depth of T3ft,
were found close together a head and neck of a human femur.
a metal ferrule of a stick, and a piece of thin black pottery
of Romano-British type (No. 410). These remains are
hardly enough in themselves to date the trench ; and, as
pointed out elsewhere, the presence of odd fragments of
pottery of the Roman period affords no definite evidence of
date, being constantly found mixed with disturbed soil.
The ferrule, however, brings us to much later times, and seeing
that modern remains were found in Cutting XXIX. and in
other parts of the New Ditch, the probability is that the
trench under consideration is of Cromwellian construction.
118 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS.
Time did not permit of testing its existence at other points,
but it will probably be found that this trench encircles the
Great Bank.
VII. — ANIMAL BONES.
All the bones found in the Prehistoric Shafts have been
preserved ; also a selection from the Roman deposits. The
greater number of those found in 1913 have been kindly
identified by Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S. The following are the
most interesting (excluding implements of red-deer antler) : —
CUTTING XXX.
Remains of Toad (Bufo vulgaris). Depth unrecorded.
ROMAN DEPOSITS.
Jaw of Field Vole (Microtus agrestis).
Lower jaw of small slender Dog (Canis vulpes}, size of Arctic fox.
SHAFT XV., ROMAN FILLING.
Metacarpus of Ox, length 197mm., giving estimated height of
3ft. 1 Of ins. at shoulder.
SHAFT XVI., ROMAN FILLING. Depth 6 -9ft. below the surface.
Skeleton of Dog (Canis familiaris), estimated height at shoulder
1ft. 9ins.
FROM THE BODY OF THE GREAT BANK, NEAR THE TOP.
Young Pig (Sus scrofa) — vertebrae, humerus, two astragali, two calcanei.
CUTTING XXXI.
IN POST-HOLE WITH IRON NAIL.
A few bones of small Fox.
ROMAN DEPOSITS.
Polecat (Mustela putorius) — complete lower jaw and two humori.
Small Dog (Canis vulpes)— parts of two lower jaws.
CUTTING XXXII.
IN BODY OF THE GREAT BANK IN CHALK RUBBLE.
Ox, — parts of ribs.
Red-deer (Cervus elaphus) — Three or four pieces of antler.
PLATE A
Proa Dcrset,N.H.&A.F. Club, Vol. XXXV.
O.Pickard-Cambnd^e del'
4fev
33.
M'Fariane 4Erskine.LitTi.E6inr
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS
EXPLANATION OF PLATE A. Figures 1—34.
Clubiona juvenis, Sim. Fig. 1. Left palpus of male from outer side ;
2. Ditto in front ; 3. Epigyne of female.
Clubiona subsultans, Thor. Fig. 4. Right palpus of male from above
and behind ; 5. Eyes of male from above and behind ; 6.
Epigyne of female.
Phyllonethis instabilis, Cambr. Fig. 7. Left palpus of male from
outer side ; 8. Epigyne of female.
Phyllonethis bellicosa, Sim. Fig. 9. Left palpus of male from outer
side; 10. Epigyne of female (from Ben Nevis); 11. Epigyne
of female (from St. Kilda).
Leptyphantes Carrii, Jackson. Fig. 12. Left palpus of male from
outer side ; 13. Eyes from above and behind.
Robertus scoticus, Jaekson. Fig. 14. Cephalothorax of female, from
above and behind ; 15. Extreme joint of palpus showing the
terminal joint and palpal claw ; 16. Epigyne.
Porrhomma Thorellii, Hermann. Fig. 17. Left palpus of male from
rather in front on outer side ; 18. Eyes from in front.
Opistoxys subacuta, Cambr. Fig. 19. Part of palpal organs of male
from above and behind ; 20. Ditto from outer side and above
(drawn by Dr. Jackson).
Coryphaeus mendicus, L. Koch. Fig. 21. Right palpus of male from
above and behind ; 22. Epigyne of female.
Maso Brittenii. Jackson. Fig. 23. Right palpus of male from outer
side. 24. Left palpus of male from outer side ; 25. Cephalo-
thorax and eyes of male from above and behind ; 26. Profile of
male (cephalothorax) ; 27. Epigyne of female.
Tiso cestivus, L. Koch. Fig. 28. Cephalothorax and eyes of male from
above and behind ; 29. Profile of male (cephalothorax) ; 30.
Left palpus of male from outer side ; 31. Ditto, from behind
and inner side ; 32. Ditto from outer side rather behind ;
33. Epigyne of female.
Oxyptila nigrita, Thor. Fig. 34. Left palpus of male from above and
behind.
N.B. — The short lines indicate the natural length of the spiders.
Bare
NOTED AND OBSEEVED IN 1913.
Plate A.
By Rev. 0. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., &c.
(Read February 3rd, 1914.)
HAVE very little to record from any personal
observations during the past year. The
kind help, however, and the work of others
enables me to give you, in the subjoined List,
some of the valuable and important results of
their work. Most of the materials in the List
have been kindly submitted to me by those
who have collected them. I would specially
name among the collectors several of my sons and Dr. Haines,
of Winfrith, in Dorset, but more especially Dr. A. Randell
Jackson, M.A., D.Sc., of Hoole Road, Chester, whose work
in Scotland last July has added several species of Araneidea
(true spiders) to the British List. These will be found in the
" List " in their systematic position.
Nothing new to the British List has been turned up by my
Dorset helpers, though, as will be observed, some rare and
local species have occurred. This may, of course, be in some,
and probably in great, measure owing to those parts of the
120 ON NEW AND BARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
county where their work has lain having been already more
closely worked than many other British districts.
My best thanks are due to all who have in any way assisted
me during the past year, and I must add here the name of
Mr. Denis R. Pack Beresford, of Fenagh House, Bagenals
Town, Ireland, from whose researches the British and Irish
List has been enriched by a valuable addition to the genus
Clubiona — noted in the List below.
Possibly there may be this year some new Members of our
Field Club who may wish to know where further information
is to be obtained on the general subject of British Arachnids.
If so, I would refer them to the author's following publica-
tions : —
" Spiders of Dorset" published by the Dorset Nat. History,
and Antiquarian Field Club, 1879 — 1881, and the Supple-
mentary Papers in most of the subsequent years to the
present date.
" List of British and Irish Spiders " (Sime and Co., Dor-
chester, 1900).
" British Phalangided or Harvest Men " (Dorset Field Club
Proceedings, Vol. XI., 1890).
" British Chernetidea or False Scorpions " (I.e. Vol. XIII.,
1892).
The following Papers on British Arachnids have been
published since my last report in Vol. XXXIV. :—
" On Some Arthropods observed in 1911 and 1912," by
A. Randell Jackson, Lancashire Naturalist, March, 1913,
pp. 440—443.
(This Paper contains notes and records of numerous known
species from Dorsetshire as well as other parts of England.)
" A Spider New to the British Isles (Cluliona juvenis,
Simon), recently found in Ireland," by A. RandellJackson,
M.D., D.Sc., and Denis R. Pack Beresford, B.A., M.R.S.A.,
Irish Naturalist, November, 1913, pp. 205, 207. pi. I., figs 1—4.
(This species is noted in the following List.)
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS. 121
" On Some New and Obscure British Spiders," Nottingham
Naturalists' Society for 1911 — 12, pp. 20—46, pi. I., II., by
A. Eandell Jackson, M.D,, B.Sc.
(The new species and some others contained in this paper
are noted in the subjoined List. A considerable portion of
the paper is devoted to the genus Porrhomma, Simon, of
which the British species are subjected to an exhaustive and
careful differentiation.)
"A Contribution to the Spider Fauna of Scotland," by
A. Eandell Jackson, M.D., D.Sc.
Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh,
Session 1913—1914, Vol. XIX., No. 5, pp. 103—128. Plates
II., III.
(Various new and rare species, noted and described by
Dr. Jackson in this paper, will be found in the subjoined List.)
" On the Origin of the Araneidal Fauna of Yorkshire."
Naturalist for Feb. and March, 1913, pp. Ill — 114 and
131—138. By Wm. Falconer.
ARACHNIDA.
ARANEIDEA.
Fam. DYSDERIDJE.
Segestria Bavariea, C. L. Koch.
Segeslria Bavariea, C. L. Koch, Die Arachn. X.,
p. 93, pi. 351, fig. 818.
Segestria Bavariea, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 8
An immature example was found and sent to me by
Dr. Haines from Ringstead in April, 1913. Although
immature, I have no doubt about the identity of this
specimen. The only British record hitherto is that given
in Spid. Dors., p. 8 ; though there the locality was
given erroneously. The place of capture was, in fact,
under a stone or piece of rock in the island of Portland.
122 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
Fam. DRASSID^:.
Mieariosoma minimum, C. L. Koch.
Micariosoma minimum, C. L. Koch, Cambr. Proc.
Dors. N. H. and A. F. Club XXXIII., p. 70,
1912.
Phrurolithus minimus, C. L. Koch ; A. R,
Jackson, Trans. Nottingham Naturalist Society,
1911—12, p. 23.
Dr. Jackson (I.e.) records another visit, in September,
1912, to Box Hill, the British locality in which this
species was first obtained. Immature examples were
found in considerable numbers, but only one (a male)
adult.
Clubiona juvenis, Simon. PL A., figs. 1, 2, 3.
Clubiona juvenis Simon. (Arachnides de France,
torn IV., p. 227).
Clubiona juvenis, Sim. ; Dr. A. R. Jackson and
Denis R. Pack Beresford. Irish Naturalist,
November, 1913, pp. 205—207. Vol. XXII.,
pi. I., figs. 1—4.
A very distinct species, and new to the British Islands.
Adults of both sexes were found in tufts of grass on the
Sandhills at Arklow, County of Wicklow, Ireland, by
Mr. D. R. P. Beresford. Its position appears to be
nearest to Clubiona trivialis, L. Koch, but it may easily be
distinguished by the form of the palpi in the males and
of the epigyne in the females.
Clubiona subsultans, Thor., PL A, figs. 4, 5, 6.
Clubiona subsultans, Thor. ; Kulczynski Aranese
Hungarise, Vol. II., p. 2, pi. IX., figs. 2, 23, 35.
Clubiona subsultans, Thor. ; A. R. Jackson. Proc.
Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. XIX., No. 5,.
p. 125, pi. III., figs. 3, 4, 5.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS. 123
An adult of both sexes found by Dr. A. R. Jackson at
Loch Rannoch in 1913. A very distinct species, new to
the British Fauna. It is allied to Clubiona redusa,
Cambr., but is very distinct in the characteristic features
of both sexes.
Agroeca celans, Blackw.
Agelena celans, Bl. ; Spid. G. B. and I., p. 161,
pi. X., fig. 103.
Both sexes taken rather commonly by my son Alfred
(A. E. LI. P.-C.) in Morden Park in August and Septem-
ber, 1913, among heather.
Agroeca di versa, Cambr.
Agroeca diver -sa, Cambr. ; Proc. Dors. N. H. and
A. F. Club XXXIV., pp. 108, 112, pi. A, figs.
1, 2, 3, 1913.
Several adult specimens of both sexes were found
on Bloxworth Heath in September, 1913 (by
A. E. LI. P.-C.). It is possible that future
observations may prove this to be a well-marked
variety of A. gracilipes, Bl. ; but so far I believe
it to be a distinct species. The examples now recorded
of both sexes are quite similar to those of the type
recorded — I.e. supra.
Fam. DICTYNID^E.
Protadia patula, Sim.
Lethia patula, Sim. ; Cambr. Spid. Dors., p. 470.
Protadia patula, Sim. ; Ibid Proc. Dors. N. H. and
A. F. Club, Vol. XXXIII., pp. 73, 75, pi. A.,
figs, la, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6, and 7.
Dictyna patula, Sim. ; Arachn. de France I.,
p. 197.
124 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
Protadia patula, Sim. ; Dr. A. Randell
Jackson, Trans. Nottingham Naturalists'
Society for 1911, pp. 20—23.
Dr. Jackson (I.e. supra) describes the male, the female
only having been described previously, and distinguishes
the species from Protadia subnigra, Cambr.
Fam. HAHNIID^E.
Hahnia Candida, Sim.
Hahnia Candida, Sim. ; Cambr. Spid. Dors., p. 71.
An adult female was found among heather in Morden
Park by my son (W. A. P.-Cambridge) in Sept., 1913,
and a male and two females (adult) were sent to me
from Ringstead, where they were taken by Dr. Haines
in the same month. Hitherto the only known British
locality has been at Portland.
Fam. THERIDIIDJE.
Episinus lugubris, Sim.
Episinus lugubris, Sim. ; Arachn. de France,
torn. V., p. 42, and Cambr. Proc. Dors. F. Club,
Vol. XXVII., pp. 74, 83, pi. A., fig. 2.
Adults of both sexes, as w^ell as immature examples,
found by my son (A. E. LI. P.-C.) in several coppices at
Bloxworth in May, 1913.
Theridion simile, C. L. Koch.
Theridion salvum, Cambr. ; Proc. Dors. N. H.
and A. F. Club XXXIII., pp. 70, 74, 88, pi. A,
figs. 8, 9, 10.
On further consideration of the type specimen of
T. salvum and comparison with examples of Theridion
simile, C. L. Koch, I have been led to believe that it may
be only a melanic example of the latter. This, however,
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS. 125
I do not as yet consider at all certain, and it remains for
further research to confirm it. The normal form of
Theridion simile probably occurs on heaths in the same
district, but I have never as yet taken it so far from its
usual habitat, i.e., the heather-clad waste lands.
Phyllonethis instabilis, Cambr. ; PI. A,, figs. 7, 8.
Theridion instabile, Cambr. ; Trans. Linn. Soc.
XXVII., p. 416, pi. 55, No. 14.
Phyllonethis instabilis, Cambr. ; Spid. Dors., p. 95.
Theridion venustum, Walck. -Cambr. ; Spid. Dors.,
p. 476. Dr. A. R. Jackson, Proceedings Roy.
Phys. Soc., Edinburgh, Vol. XIX., No. 5,
pp. 122, 123, PL II., figs. 8, 10, 12, 13.
It appears on further consideration that the above,
formerly considered to be of the same species as Theridion
venustum, Walckenaer, is not that species, nor yet the
Theridion lepidum, Walck., with which, also, it was
considered conspecific ; the original name, therefore,
given to it (Cambr., Trans. Linn. Soc., I.e. above)
becomes again valid.
Phyllonethis bellicosa, Sim. ; PI. A, figs. 9, 10, 11.
Theridium lepidum, Walck. -Sim. ; Arachn. de
France V., p. 64.
Theridium bellicosum, Sim. ; Aran nouv, &c.,
2e Mem., p. 106, in Mem. Soc. Roy. Sc. Liege
and Arach. de France V., p. 64, as syn. of
T. lepidum, Walck., note 3.
Theridium bellicosum, Sim. ; Dr. A. R. Jackson,
Proceedings Roy. Phys. Soc., Edinburgh,
Vol. XIX., No. 5, p. 121, and pp. 123, 124,
PL II., figs. 7, 9, 11, and 14.
Theridion lepidum, Walck. -Cambr. ; Annals of
Scottish Natural History, pp. 220, 223, October,
1905, sub. Phyllonethis.
126 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
Examples of both sexes of a spider evidently nearly
allied to Phyllonethis instabilis, Cambr., were found on
Ben Nevis by Dr. Jackson in July, 1913. Comparison
of the two, however, proves them to be quite distinct,
and that the Ben Nevis examples are Theridion
bellicosum, Sim., given by M. Simon, Arachn. de Fr.,
I.e. supra, as a synonym of Theridion lepidum, Walck.
This synonym, however, seems to be doubtful. It is
pretty certain that the Ben Nevis examples are Simon's
T. bellicosum, and that Dr. Jackson's discovery of them
is their first record as a British species. I have received
examples of the female from Rev. J. E. Hull, taken on
the Cheviots, Scotland, in 1912.
Lithyphantes corollatus, Sim.
Lithyphantes corollatus, Sim. -Cambr. ; Proc. Dors.
F. Club, Vol. XVI., p. 122, 1895, and in several
succeeding vols., XVII., XXI., and XXVI.
This very distinct and pretty species has been found
in some abundance on Bloxworth Heath in the past year,
1913, both sexes, adult and immature, late in the month
of September, by my sons A. W. P.-C. and A. E. LI. P.-C.
Teutana grossa, C. L. Koch.
Teutana grossa, C. L. Koch-Cambr. Proc., Dors.
F. Club, 1891, Vol. XII., p. 88.
Two females, not yet quite adult, were sent to me
from North Devon in October, 1913, by the Rev. A. E.
Eaton, by whom they were found in overhauling the
contents of a lumber room. Several years ago a female
was sent to me, found by Mrs. Haig Thomas at Grange,
near Wareham. There seemed at the time a possibility
that this example might have been imported from the
Continent, as Mrs. Thomas had recently been travelling
there ; but subsequent enquiry made it appear much more
probable that it was an indigenous specimen, and, if so,
it is the only one as yet recorded for Dorsetshire.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS. 127
Laseola erythropus, Sim.
Laseola erythropus, Sim. ; 1881, Arachn. de
France, Vol. V., p. 141, Cambr., Proc.Dors. F.
Club, Vol. XXIX., p. 170 (1908).
Laseola proximo,, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club
XVI., p. 102, pi. A., figs. 3a, 36, 1895.
An adult male received in October, 1913, from Mr. W.
Falconer, was found by the Rev. R. A. Taylor in Corn-
wall ; subsequently I have received both sexes from
Mr. Taylor. The female is new to me, but the male I
believe to be identical with L. proxima, Cambr., which
M. Simon considered on examination to be the same as
his L. erythropus.
Laseola coracina, C. L. Koch.
Euryopis coracina, C. L. Koch-Cambr., Spid. Dors.,
p. 573.
A male, not quite adult, was found by my son (W. A.
P.-C.) among heather in Morden Park on Sept. 20th, 1913.
It is still a very rare species, and hitherto has only
occurred, so far as I am aware, in one other British
locality— Suffolk.
Robertus scoticus, Jackson. PL A, figs. 14, 15, 16.
Robertus scoticus, A. R. Jackson, Proc. Roy.
Phys. Soc., Edinburgh, Vol. XIX., No. 5,
p. 120, PI. II., fig. 15.
An adult female (length 2mm.), allied to but quite
distinct from Robertus neglectus, Cambr., was taken at
Loch Rannoch in July, 1913, by Dr. A. R. Jackson, and
is a species new to science.
Leptyphantes Carrii, Jackson. PL A, figs. 12, 13.
Leptyphantes carrii, A. R. Jackson ; Trans.
Nottingham Naturalists' Society for 1911 — 12,
p. 25, pi. L, figs. 1—4.
128 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
A very distinct species new to science found by Dr.
Jackson in June, 1912, in Sherwood Forest, running on
the trunks of oak trees. A minute description is given,
I.e. supra, by Dr. Jackson.
Leptyphantes Black wallii, Kulcz.
Leptyphantes Blackwallii, Kulcz. ; Cambr. Proc.
Dors. F. Club, Vol. XVI., p. 112.
An almost black variety of the female of this spider
was taken by my son A. E. LI. P.-C. at Blox worth in
August, 1913.
Leptyphantes cacuminum, Jackson.
Leptyphantes cacuminum, A. R. Jackson. Proc.
Roy. Phys. Soc., Edinburgh, vol. XIX., No. 5,
p. 118, pi. II., figs. 1—6.
Adults of both sexes were found by Dr. Jackson on
Ben Nevis in July, 1913. It appears to be a very distinct
species, and not to have been described or recorded
before.
Length of the male 1-75 m.m., and of female 1-8 to
rOm.m.
Bathyphantes parvulus, Westr.
Linyphia parvula, Westr. ; Cambr. Spid. Dors.,
p. 210.
An adult male was taken by A. E. LI. P.-C. at Blox-
worth in August, 1913.
Opistoxys subacuta, Cambr. PL A., figs. 19, 20.
Opistoxys subacuta, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club,
1891, Vol. XII., p. 91, fig. 3.
Leptyphantes patens, Cambr. I.e. Vol. XXVIII.,
1907, pp. 128, 139, pi. A., figs. 20, 25 (male,
not the female).
Opistoxys subacuta having been insufficiently figured
(I.e. supra), I have added here some figures of the palpal
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS. 129
organs drawn by Dr. A. R. Jackson, which will perhaps
serve for its better identification. The identity of
Leptyphantes patens with Opistoxys subacuta was
unsuspected at the time when the former was described,
chiefly owing to the palpal organs of L. patens having
been forced out of their natural position. Dr. Jackson,
who has carefully examined and compared both the
types, first suggested to me their identity.
Centromerus (Tmeticus) abnormis, Blackw.
Linyphia abnormis, Bl. ; Cambr. Spid. Dors.,
pp. 207 and 578.
Adult males were found in Bere Wood towards the end
of May, 1913, by my son (A. E. LI. P.-C.)
Centromerus (Tmeticus) expertus, Cambr.
Tmeticus expertus, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 203,
and Proc. Dors. F. Club IV., p. 152.
This species, though widely distributed, seems to be a
local and rare one. An adult of each sex was found at
the end of November, 1913, on the outside of a copse at
Bloxworth, among herbage, by my son (A. E. LI. P.-C.)
Leptorhoptrum (Tmeticus) Huthwaitii, Cambr.
Neriene Huthwaitii, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club
X., p. 118, 1889.
Tmeticus Huthwaitii, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club
XXVI., p. 47, 1905.
Leptorhoptrum Huthwaitii, Cambr., Kulczynski,
Aranese Hungarian II., p. 79, Tab. III., fig. 20.
An adult male of this fine and widely distributed
species was sent to me from Yorkshire in August, 1913,
by Mr. W. P. Winter. This spider is certainly out of
place in the genus Tmeticus ; its place is in the new
genus formed for it by Kulczynski (I.e. supra).
130 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
Porrhomma Thorellii, Herm. PI. A. figs. 17, 18.
Porrhomma Thorellii, Herm.
„ „ A. R. Jackson Trans. Not-
tingham Naturalists' Society, 1911—12, p. 36,
pi. II., figs. 22 and 27.
Average length, about 2'4mm. This species, differen-
tiated by Dr. Jackson (I.e. supra) from others with which
it has been mixed up, is allied nearly to Porrhomma
pygmceum, Blackw., and has not, until Dr. Jackson's
announcement (supra) been before recorded as British.
Both sexes are recorded. The example from which my
figures were drawn was sent to me in 1902 by Mr. W.
Falconer, from Huddersfield, and was then doubtfully
named by me, P. pygmo2um, Bl.
Porrhomma pallidum, Jackson.
Porrhomma pallidum, A. R. Jackson ; Trans.
Nottingham Naturalists' Society, 1911 — 12,
p. 38, pi. II., figs. 18, 32.
Length l*65mm. — I'Smm. This appears to be, so far
as at present known, a Northern form only. Dr. Jackson
reports it as hailing from Moray, in N. Scotland, and
mountains in Cumberland ; also Northumberland, York-
shire, Cheshire, and Staffordshire, where it seems to be
not rare in both sexes ; found amongst moss and dead
leaves in woods. I have not myself seen a type of this
species.
Porrhomma montanum, Jackson.
Porrhomma montanum, A. R. Jackson ; Trans.
Nottingham Naturalists' Society, 1911 — 12,
p. 40, pi. II., figs. 24 and 34.
Length, 1-5 — 2m. This spider, new to science and
to the British List, is also a Northern form, and usually
found at high altitudes — Ben Voirlich, Scotland,
Cumberland, Isle of Man, Northumberland, Yorkshire,
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS. 131
Cheshire, and Edinburgh. Both sexes are recorded. It
seems to be allied closely both to P. pygmceum, BL, and
P. dblitum Cambr. I have not seen a type of this
species.
Oreoneta fortunata, Cambr.
Tmeticus fortunatus, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club,
Vol. XVI., p. 123, pi. A., figs. 6a— d, and VoL
XXVIII., pp. 121 and 142, pi. B., figs. 42, 43,
44 (1907).
An adult male was taken by the Rev. R. J. Pickard-
Cambridge at Warmwell in May, 1913. It is still a rare
spider, and its systematic position does not appear to be
yet settled.
Sintula cornigera, Bl.
Sintula indecora, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club,
Vol. XIV., p. 156, fig. 7.
Neriene cornigera, Blackw., Spid. G. B. and I.,
p. 273, pi. XIX., fig. 187.
An adult female of this rare spider was found by
my son (A. E. LI. P.-C.) among heather at Bloxworth
on April llth, 1913.
Maso Brittenii, Jackson. PL A, figs. 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
Maso Brittenii, A. R. Jackson. Trans. Notting-
ham Naturalists Society, 1911—12, p. 27, pi. I.,
figs. 11, 12, 13, and pi. II., fig. 14.
Length of male, l'59mm. ; of female, 2'lmm. A very
distinct species described and figured by Dr. A. R.
Jackson, I.e. supra, and new to science. The
female was found by Dr. Jackson in May, 1912, in a
swampy place in Delamere Forest, and the male in the
spring of 1911 on Wan Fell, near Penrith (Cumberland),
by Mr. Britten.
132 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
Gongylidium retusum, Westr.
Erigone retusa, Westr. Aranese Suec., p. 253.
Neriene retusa, Westr. -Cambr., Spid. Dors. p. 116.
An adult male was found at Bloxworth Rectory by my
son (A. E. LI. P.-C.) Aug. 3rd, 1913, and another by Dr.
Haines at Arne. It is still a rare spider in Dorset.
CORYPHAEUS, F. 0. P. -Cambr.
The genus Coryphaeus was established by the late
F. O. Pickard-Cambridge for the reception of a spider
found near Carlisle. (Ann. and Mag. N. H., ser. 6,
Vol. XIII., 1894, p. 87). This spider (Coryphaeus
glabriceps) afterwards turned out to be identical with
Gongylidium distinctum, Sim. M. Simon subsequently
transferred his G. distinctum to the genus Hilaira.
(Hist, des Araignees I., 701). This last is, it seems to me,
quite untenable, and thus Coryphaeus becomes a good
genus, with C. distinctus, Sim., as its type.
Coryphaeus mendicus, L. Koch. PL A, fig. 21, 22.
Coryphaeus mendicus, L. Koch. Kulczynski,
Fragmenta Arachnologica V., 1907, pp.
585—588, pi. XXI., figs. 14, 16, 17, 18, 19.
Coryphaeus mendicus, L. Koch, Dr. A. R. Jackson,
Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc., Edinburgh. Vol. XIX.,
No, 5, p, 127, pi, III,, figs, 6, 7, 8.
Both sexes adult (not before recorded as British) were
taken by Dr. A. R. Jackson on Ben Nevis, Scotland, in
July, 1913. The lengtb of the male is 1.8mm.
Tiso aestivus, L. Koch. PI. A, figs. 28—33.
Tiso aestivus, L. Koch. Kulczynski Aranese
Hungariae II., p. 127, Tab. V., fig. 7, a, b, c, d. e.
Erigone cestiva, L. Koch, Beit. Z. Kennt. Arach.
Tirols, ii.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS. 133
Tiso cestivus, L. Koch, Dr. A. R. Jackson, Proc.
Roy. Phys. Soo., Edinburgh, Vol. XIX., No.
5. p. 127, pi. III. figs. 9, 10, 11.
An adult example of each sex was found on Ben Nevis
by Dr. Jackson in July, 1913. This species, which is a
very distinct one, had not been before recorded in Great
Britain. The length of the male is 1-3 mm.
Erigone longipalpis, Suud.
Neriene longipalpis, Sund. Cambr., Spid. Dors.,
p. 107, and Trans. Linn. Soc., XVIII., p. 447, pi.
XXXIV., No. 23 and 24. Also Proc. Dors.
Nat. Hist, and A. F. Club VI., p. 48, pi. B.,
fig 4.
Adult males and an adult female found at Arne were
sent to me by Dr Haines in June and September, 1913.
A local spider, but at times abundant in some coast
localities.
Erigone arctica, White.
Erigone arctica, White. Cambr. Proc. Dors. Nat.
Hist, and A. F. Club, Vol. XXII., p. 49,pl.B.,
fig. 5.
A local spider, but often abundant in some coast
localities. An adult of each sex was sent to me in
September, 1913, from Arne, by Dr. Haines.
Erigone Tirolensis, L. Koch.
Erigone Tirolensis, L. Koch, Beit. Z. Kennt.
Arach. Tirols, ii.
„ ,, A. R. Jackson, Proc. Roy.
Phys. Soc., Edinburgh, Vol. XIX. No. 5, p.
126, pi. III., figs. 12, 13, 14.
Adults of both sexes were met with by Dr. Jackson in
July, 1913, on Ben Nevis, Scotland. The species had
not been previously recorded as British. The length of
the male is 2-2 mm.
134 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
Erigone capra, Sim.
Erigone capra, Sim. Arachn. de France, torn V.,
p. 529, figs. 327, 328, 329.
Erigone capra, Sim. ; A. Randell Jackson. Irish
Naturalist, August, 1910, Vol. XIX., pp.
142—145, pi. 3.
Both sexes of this species, which had not been before
noted in the British and Irish List, were received by
Dr. Jackson from Mr. R. D. Pack Beresford, and were
found by Mr. R. Welsh on the banks of the Ulster Canal,
near Monaghan, in October, 1909. (The record of this
species was inadvertently omitted from Proc. Dors. F.
Club, Vol. XXXII., 1911.)
Lophomma herbigrada, Blackw.
Neriene herbigrada, Blackw. Cambr., Spid. Dors.,
pp. 113 and 576.
Neriene exhilarans, Cambr., Ann. Mag. N. H.,
ser. 5, Vol. 4, p. 199, pi. XII. fig. 3.
An adult male was taken at Bloxworth in April, 1913,
bv A. E. LI. P.-C.
Enidia bituberculata, Wid.
Neriene bituberculata, Cambr. Spid. Dors., p. 119.
Blackw. Spid. G. B. and I., p. 268, pi. XVIII.,
fig. 181.
Dicyphus bituberculatus, Wid.-Camb., List of Brit.
and Irish Spiders, p. 41.
Adults of both sexes were found in abundance and sent
to me by Dr. Haines in April, 1913, from Tadnole Heath.
The generic name Enidia was substituted by Mr. F. P.
Smith (Journ. Quaker Microscopical Club, Nov., 1904,
p. 115), the name Dicyphus (Menge) being pre-occupied
and Neriene restricted to other species of Mr. Blackwall's
generic group of that name.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS. 135
Entelecara fiavipes, Black.
Walckenaera fiavipes, BL, Spid. G. B. and Ireland,
p. 298.
Entelecara fiavipes, Bl., Cambr. Proc. Dors. F.
Club, Vol. XXIII., p. 24.
An adult male of this little spider was taken by A. E.
LI. P.-C. in June, 1913, in a copse at Bloxworth. It
continues to be a rare species.
Acartauchenius seurrilis, Cambr.
Erigone (Walckenaera) seurrilis, Cambr. Proc.
Zool. Soc., Lond., 1872, p. 761, pi. LXVL, fig. 18,
(male).
Arceoncus aequus, Cambr.,, Proc. Dors. F. Club,
1910, Vol. XXXI., pp. 55 and 69, pi. A., figs.
11—13 (female).
Dr. Jackson has kindly sent me a female of A. seurrilis,
Cambr., from Germany, and on comparison I find this
to be identical with A. aequus, Cambr. The male only
of the former, and only the female of the latter, were
previously known to me.
Thyreosthenius biovatus, Cambr.
Thyreosthenius biovatus, Cambr. Proc. Dors. N.H.
and A. F. Club, XXVIII., p. 121, 1907.
An adult female was received from Mr. J. H. Keys,
by whom it was found in a nest of Formica rufa (var.
fusca rufa), at Whitesands, Plymouth,
Panamomops bicuspis, Cambr.
Neriene bicuspis, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 139.
Panamomops bicuspis, Cambr., Simon Arachn. de
France V., p. 795.
An adult male of this curious little spider has again
been met with by my son (the Rev. R. J. P.-C.) at
Warmwell in May, 1913.
136 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
Baryphyma pratensis, Bl.
Walckenaera pratensis, Blackw., Spid. G. B. and I.,
p. 306.
Baryphyma Schlickii, Sim., Arachn. de France,
torn V., p. 695.
Walckenaera Meadii, Cambr., Proc. Dors. F. Club,
Vol. X., p. 13, and XII., p. 95.
An adult male, received from Dr. Haines, by whom it
was found at Tadnole in April, 1913.
Fam. MIMETIM3.
Ero Camforidgii, Kulcz.
Ero Cambridgii, Kulcz. Cambr., Proc. Dors. F.
Club, XXXIII., p. 80, pi. A., figs. 30—33.
A fine specimen of the adult female was found close
to the Rectory, Bloxworth, on the 17th of May, 1913, by
A. E. LI. P.-C.
Fam. EPEIRIDJE.
Epeira dromedaria, Walck.
Epeira dromedaria, Walck. Simon, Arachn. de
France, I., p. 62, 1871.
Epeira dromedaria, Walck. Cambr., Proc. Dors. F.
Club, Vol. XXX., p. Ill, pi. A., figs. 15—17
(1909).
Araneus dromedarius, Walck. Jackson, Trans.
Nat. Hist. Society, Northumberland, Durham,
and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, n.s. Vol. III., Part 2,
p. 9, pi. X., figs. 8, Sa, and Trans. Nottingham
Naturalist Society for 1911—12, p. 30.
Dr. Jackson records the results of two visits to the only
as yet known British locality of this fine and distinct
Epeirid, Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire. An
adult male was found ; this sex had not been before
recorded as British.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS. 137
Zilla Stroemii, Thor.
Zilla Stroemii, Thor. Kulcz., Aranese Hungarian
Z., 137, Tab. V., ffg.
30, a, b,
» Bosenberg, Die Spinnen,
Deutsehland,Tab.III.,
figs. 34, A, B, c.
» „ A. R.Jackson, Proc. Roy.
Phys. Soc,, Edinburgh,
Vol. XIX., No. 5,
p, 125, pi. III., ffgs,
1, 2,
,, ,, T. Thorell, Remarks on
synonyms of European
Spiders, pp, 34, 35, 36.
Adults of both sexes of this spider, new to Britain, were
found by Dr. A. R. Jackson on the banks of Loch
Rannoch, Scotland, in July, 1913. It is allied to Zilla
X-notata, Clerck., an abundant and widely-dispersed
species, but quite distinct.
Fam. THOMISIDvE.
Xysticus erraticus, Blackw.
Xysticus erraticus, Bl. Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 309.
Thomisus erraticus, Blackw. Spid. G.B. and I.,
p. 71.
An adult female from West Lulworth found by Dr.
Haines in April, 1913.
Xysticus ulmi, Hahn.
Thomisus Westwoodii, Cambr. Trans. Linn. Soc.,
XXVII., p. 403.
A female of this species found in Morden Park by
W. A. P.-C. in September, 1913.
138 ON NEW AND BARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
Xysticus luetuosus, Blackw.
Xysticus luetuosus, Bl. Cambr., Spid. Dors.,
p. 305.
Adult males in very fine condition, among dead leaves,
&c., in Bere Wood, found by A. E. LI. P.-C., at the end
of May, 1913. An adult female was also found by Dr.
Jackson at Loch Rannoch in July, 1913.
Oxyptila trux, Bl.
Oxyptila trux, Bl. Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 320.
Thomisus trux, Blackw., Spid. G. B. and I., p. 84.
A male and female, adult, found in a copse at Blox-
worth in June, 1913, by A. E. LI. P.-C.
Oxyptila Blackwallii, Sim.
Oxyptila Blackwallii, Sim. Cambr. Spid., Dors.,
p. 318.
Thomisus claveatus, Walck. Blackw., Spid. G. B.
and I., p. 87.
A male, not quite adult, of this species found and sent
to me from West Lulworth in April, 1913, by Dr. Haines,
and also adult females from Ringstead in September
following
Oxyptila sanctuaria, Cambr.
Oxyptila sanctuaria, Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 319.
An adult female found and sent to me from Arne in
June, 1913, by Dr. Haines.
Oxyptila nigrita, Thor. PL A, fig. 34.
Xysticus nigritus, Thor. Tijds. Ent., XVIII.,
1875, pi. 24.
Oxyptila nigrita, Thor. Simon, Arachn. de France,
II., p. 238.
Oxyptila nigrita, Thor. Cambr., Proc. Dors. F.
Club, XXIX., p. 181, pi. A., figs. 35, 36 (1908).
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS. 139
An adult male of this distinct and rare spider was found
and sent to me in April, 1913, by Dr. Haines from Ring-
stead. The male may easily be distinguished from that
sex of others nearly allied, and bearing a very similar
general appearance, by the form of the cubital joint of
the palpus. The female only had been recorded before
as British.
ORDER PHALANGIDEA.
Fam. PHALANGIIDJE.
Selerosoma quadridentatum, Cuvier.
Sclerosoma quadridentatum, Cuvier, Cambr., British
Phalangidea, Proc. Dorset F. Club, Vol. XI.,
p. 171, pi. B., fig. 4.
An immature example of this species was sent to me
from West Lulworth by Dr. Haines, shewing, it appears to
me, very clearly the distinctness of the species from
its ally, 8. Romanum, L. Koch.
Fam. TROGULINAE.
Anelasmocephalus Cambridgii, Westwood.
Trogulus Cambridgii, Westwood (1874), Thes. Ent.
Oxon., p. 202, pi. 37, fig. 6.
Anelasmocephalus Cambridgii, W^estw. Cambr.,
Dors. F. Club, Vol. XI., p. 207, pi. E., fig. 29.
An example of this rare and curious Arachnid was
found and sent to me from Ringstead in April, 1913, by
Dr. Haines.
140 ON NEW AND BARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
LIST OF ARACHNIDS
In the foregoing Pages, with references to Page and Plate.
ORDER ARANEIDEA.
Segestria Bavarica, C. L. Koch p. 121
Micariosoma minimum, C. L.
Koch P- 122
Clubiona juvenis, Simon p. 122 PL A, figs. 1, 2, 3
subsultans, Thor. p. 122 PL A, figs. 4, 5, 6
Agroeca celans, Blackw. p. 123
„ di versa, Cambr. p. 123
Protadia patula, Sim. p. 123
Hahnia Candida, Sim. p. 124
Episinus lugubris, Sim. p. 124
Theridion simile, C. L. Koch p. 124
Phyllonethis instabilis, Cambr. p. 125 PL A, figs. 7, 8.
bellicosa, Sim. p. 125 PL A, figs. 9, 10, 11
Lethyphantes corolla tus, Linn. p. 126
Teutana grossa, C. L. Koch p. 126
Laseola erythropus, Sim. p. 127
,, coracina, C. L. Koch p. 127
Robertus scoticus, Jackson p. 127 PL A, figs. 14, 15, 16
Leptyphantes Carrii, Jackson p. 127 PL A, figs. 12, 13
BlackwalliiKulez. p. 128
„ cacuminnm Jackson p. 128
„ patens, Cambr. p. 128
Bathyphantes parvulus, Westr. p. 128
Opistoxys subacuta, Cambr. p. 128 PL A, figs. 19, 20
Centromerus (Tmeticus) abnor-
mis, Blackw. p. 129
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS. 141
Centromerus (Tmeticus)
expertus, Cambr. p. 129
Leptorhoptrum Huthwaitii,
Cambr. p. 129
Porrhomma Thorellii, Herm. p. 130 PL A, figs. 17, 18
,, pallidum, Jackson p. 130
,, montanum, Jackson p. 130
Oreoneta fortunata, Cambr. p. 131
Sintula cornigera, Blackw. p. 131
Maso Brittenii, Jackson p. 131 PI. A, figs. 23, 24, 25,
26, 27
Gongylidium retusum, Westr. p. 132
Coryphaeus mendicus, L. Koch p. 132 PI. A/figs. 21, 22
Tiso aestivus, L. Koch p. 132 PL A, figs. 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33
Erigone longipalpis, Sund. p. 133
,, arctica, White p. 133
,, Tirolensis, L. Koch p. 133
,, capra, Sim. p. 134
Lophomma herbigrada, Bl. p. 134
Enidia bituberculata, Wid. p. 134
Entelecara flavipes, Blackw. p. 135
Acartauchenius scurrilis, Cambr. p. 135
Thyreosthenius biovatus, Cambr. p. 135
Panamomops bicuspis, Cambr. p. 135
Baryphyma pratensis, Blackw. p. 136
Ero Cambridgii, Kulcz. p. 136
Epeira dromedaria, Walck. p. 136
Zilla Stroemii, Thor. p. 137
Xysticus erraticus, Bl. p. 137
,, ulmi, Hahn. p. 137
,, luetuosus, Blackw. p. 138
Oxyptila trux, Blackw. p. 138
Blackwallii, p. 138
,, sanctuaria, p. 138
nigrita, Thor. p. 138 PL A. fig. 34
142 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDS.
ORDER PHALANGIDEA.
Fam. Phalangiidce. Sub-Fam. Sclerosomatince.
Sclerosoma quadridentatum.
Cuvier p. 139
Fam. Trogulince.
Anelasmocephalus Cambridgii,
Westwood. p. 139
ffenfcrtitoe Account of tije jfungi of
(East Dorset*
By the Rev. E. F. LINTON, M.A., F.L.S.
little attention has been paid to the Fungi
of the County of Dorset, as far as I can
learn ; and no attempt seems to have been
made hitherto by the Members of the
Dorset Field Club to enumerate or record
the species. In the general index at the
close of Vol. 16 of the Proceedings the
word Fungi does not occur ; and in the
eighteen annual volumes that have since
been issued I find no evidence that the subject has been
dealt with. Considering the great variety that occur in our
woods and pastures, and the beauty of form or colour of
numbers of the species, this omission is curious ; and I hope
that my initial attempt to fill a gap may lead to further
investigation of this branch of British botany.
The neighbouring County of Hampshire contains one of
the best worked and also richest districts for Fungi in the
British Isles ; and is fortunate in having for its exponent
144 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
such an accomplished adept as Mr. J. F. Rayner, F.R.H.S.,
whose elaborate "Guide to the Fungi, &c., of the New Forest "
has been published in the Proceedings of the Bournemouth
Natural Science Society, Vol. III.
My interest in this class of plants was first aroused by my
brother, the Rev. W. R. Linton, late Vicar of Shirley, Derby-
shire, in his later visits, 1905—1907, whose name is appended
in this paper to the localities of the species he introduced me
to. Since 1907 I have collected during the autumn season
in Edmondsham and the immediate vicinity, and kept note
of results, forwarding all specimens while fresh to Mr. J. F.
Rayner, to be named or confirmed. The value and accuracy
of the records in this paper are due in great measure to his
much-enduring courtesy in responding to my frequent
appeals and naming the contents of my packets.
This last season, the autumn of 1913, I have gone further
afield, and visited several sylvan localities along the eastern
border of the county, from Alderholt and Cranborne to
Branksome Park near Bournemouth ; and have also had
most helpful co-operation from two ladies, who have collected
and sent specimens to Mr. Rayner to be named by him and
reported to me for use in this paper. Mrs. Pringle has gathered
material at Ferndown, and introduced me to some of the
woods in that neighbourhood. Mrs. E. W. Baker, of Witch-
ampton Rectory, has collected, and submitted to Mr. Rayner,
all the numerous species recorded below from Colehill near
Wimborne, Crichel, Holt Wood, Lower Mannington, and
Witchampton, which I acknowledge here, and also some few
from Branksome Park, to which her name is appended as
collector in the proper place.
Of the minor localities mentioned below Castle Hill Wood,
Furze Common Copse, Great Down Copse, Rhymes, Hyles',
Romford, and Goatham, are all situate in Edmondsham ;
Birches Copse and Sutton Holms are in a detached portion
of Gussage St. Michael adjoining Edmondsham ; Mount
Pleasant is between Verwood and Woodlands ; and Brank-
some Park is the open part of that estate which is not yet
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 145
enclosed or built over. Other places named will be easily
recognised.
With regard to the plan of my paper, I have had Mr.
Rayner's Guide by me for comparison, as a work arranged
on modern lines, followed the same order of Classes, Families
and Orders, and with his consent made free use of his etymo-
logical explanations and descriptive notes, and quoted such
English names as he sanctions. As to the order of species
in each genus, I have followed George Massee in his
British Fungus Flora (1893-95), as all my notes are entered
in my copy of his book.
A Synopsis of the arrangement of British Fungi in their
Classes, &c., has been drawn up in accordance with that in
modern use, and follows herewith.
146 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
FUNGI.
Class I. BASID10MYCETES.
Order I. H YMENOM YCETEAE.
Family 1. AGARICINEAE Fr.
Section 1. Leucosporse Fr.
Series A. Molles Sacc.
Series B. Tenaces Sacc.
Section 2. Rhodosporae.
3. Ochrosporse.
,, 4. Melanosporse Sacc.
Family 2. POLYPOREAE Fr.
3. HYDNEAE Fr.
,, 4. THELEPHOREAE Pers.
,, 5. CLAVARIEAE Corda.
„ 6. TREMELLINEAE Fr.
Order II. PILACEEAE.
Order III. G AST E ROM YCETE8.
Family 1. PHALLOIDEAE Fr.
2. NlDULARIACEAE Fr.
„ 3. LYCOPERDACEAE Ehrb.
,, 4. SCLERODERMEAE Fr.
„ 5. HYMENOGASTRACEAE Vitt.
Class II. ASCOMYCETES.
Order I. P YRENOM YCETES.
Order II. D ISCOM YCETES.
Class III. PHYCOMYCETES (Moulds).
Class IV. DEUTEROMYCETES (Imperfect Fungi).
MYCETOZOA.
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 147
FUNGI.
Class I. BASIDIOMYCETES.
Spores borne on supports termed basidia.
Order I. HYMENOMYCETES.
Spores exposed before maturity.
Family 1. AGARICINEAE Fr.
Section 1. Leucosporae.
Spores more or less white.
Series A. Holies. Fleshy, putrefying.
Genus 1. AM ANITA Fr. (from some fungi found on Mt.
Amanus). Gills free ; volva and ring present.
A. phalloides Fr. (Like Phallus, from the smell.)
In woods ; not uncommon ; poisonous. Great
Down Copse and copse by Hyles' ; Sutton
Holms ; near Cranborne (1) ; wood S. of Daggons
Road Station.
A. mappa Fr. (Lat., napkin).
Frequent in woods ; poisonous ; smell strong.
Castle Hill Wood ; Furze Common Copse ; Sutton
Holms.
A. pantherina Fr. (Lat., spotted like a panther).
In woods ; scarce ; poisonous. Castle Hill
Wood.
A. muscaria Fr. (Lat., musca, a fly ; flypapers were
formerly made from it).
Under birches ; not uncommon ; very poison-
ous ; very distinct with its scarlet white-spotted
pileus. Ferndown (Mrs. Pringle). Colehill.
Sutton Holms.
A. strobiliformis Vitt. (Lat., cone -like, from the conical
base of stem).
148 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
Wood borders; rare. Sutton Holms (W. R.
Lintori).
A. rubescens Fr. (Lat., turning red).
Woods, etc., fairly common ; edible, reddish.
Furze Common Copse. Mt. Pleasant. Broad-
stone.
A. spissa Fr. (Lat., crowded, i.e. the warts on the
pileus).
Open ground near trees ; local ; probably
poisonous. Like A. rubescens, but grey above.
Castle Hill Wood. Furze Common Copse. Wood
S. of Alderholt Station.
Genus 2. AMANITOPSIS Roze. (Gr., like an Amanita).
Gills free, with a volva but no ring.
A. vaginata Roze. (Lat., with a sheath).
Woods ; not common. Furze Common Copse.
Sutton Holms.
Genus 3. LEPIOTA Fr. (Gr., lepis, a scale, ous, the ear).
Gills free, with a ring but no volva.
L. procera Scop. (Lat., tall). " Parasol Mushroom."
Woods and pastures ; frequent ; edible.
Edmondsham Park. Furze Common Copse.
L. rachodes (Vitt.) Fr. (Gr., surf-like, from the scaly
pileus).
Under trees ; not common. Furze Common
Copse.
L. amianthina Scop. (Lat., from its yellowish tinge).
Woods or pastures ; said to be edible. Furze
Common Copse. Near Mount Pleasant.
Genus 4. ARMILLARIA Fr. (Lat., armilla, a bracelet).
Gills adnate to stem ; ring present, at least at first.
A. mellea Vahl. (Lat., of the colour of honey).
In woods, chiefly on decayed wood, often
clustered ; edible ; common. Castle Hill Wood.
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 149
Great Down Copse. Sutton Holms. Witch-
ampton.
A. mueida Schrad. (Lat., slimy). " Beech Disease."
On beech trunks, pure white ; said to be
common. Avenue, St. Giles' Park. Beckington
Beeches, St. Giles to Gussage.
Genus 5. TRICHOLOMA (Gr. trichos, of a hair, loma, a
fringe, from the traces of a veil left on the
margin of the pileus). Gills sinuate; volva 0,
ring 0.
T. equestre Linn. (Lat., knightly, from its distinguished
appearance).
In fir woods, rare. Plantation S. of Daggon's
Road Station. Broadstone.
T. portentosum Fr. (Lat., monstrous).
Edible. Castle Hill Wood. Copse by HyJes',
Edmondsham. Great Down Copse.
T. acerbum Bull. (Lat., bitter).
Not common. Castle Hill Wood.
T. albo-brunneum Pers. (Lat., white and brown).
Pine woods, etc. Castle Hill Wood. Great
Down Copse.
T. rutilans Schaeff. (Lat., ruddy).
On or near pine roots and stumps. Cranborne.
Plantation S. of Daggon's Road Station. Furze
Common Copse. Near Mt. Pleasant. Lower
Mannington.
T. imbricatum Fr. (Lat., tiled).
In pine woods, etc. ; edible. Cranborne.
Creech Hill Wood, St. Giles. Alderholt.
T. murinaceum Bull. (Lat., of the mouse-coloured
pileus).
Rare. Great Down Copse.
T. terreum Schaeff. (Lat., earthy, in colour).
Chiefly pine woods ; not uncommon. Castle
Hill Wood. Colehill, Wimborne. Plantation S.
150 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
of Daggons Road Station. Belt of woodland E.
side of St. Giles' Park.
T. saponaceum Fr. (Lat., soapy, as to odour).
Woods ; rather common. Castle Hill Wood.
Sutton Holms.
T. virgatum Fr. (Lat., striped).
Pine woods ; infrequent. Plantation S. of
Daggon Road Station.
T. sulphureum Fr. (Lat., sulphur-coloured).
In woods ; poisonous. Goatham. Great Down
Copse. Witchampton.
T. lascivum Fr. (Lat., playful, sporting from type).
In mixed woods ; rare. Furze Common Copse.
T. album Schaeff. (Lat., white).
In woods ; rare. Great Down Copse.
T. personatum Fr. (Lat., wearing a mask). " Blewits."
Not common. Furze Common Copse, W. R.
Linton. A pale form, var. sacrum, open Down a
little S. of Beckington Beeches.
T. nudum Bull. (Lat., naked, from the glabrous margin).
Common in woods. Castle Hill Wood. Creech
Hill Wood, St. Giles. Withy Beds, Crichel.
Furze Common Copse. Belt E. Fide of St. Giles'
Park. Witchampton.
T. grammopodium Bull. (Gr., with lines on the stem).
Rare ; edible. Branksome Park. Great Down
Copse.
Genus 6. CLITOCYBE Fr. (Gr. elites, a steep slope, kube,
head, from the decurrent gills of the genus). Stem
externally fibrous.
C. nebularis Batsch. Lat., nebula, a cloud, the pileus
being cloud-grey).
Esculent and of good flavour ; frequent.
Cranborne. Furze Common Copse. Witchampton.
C. clavipes Pers. (Lat., club-footed, the stem being
swollen at the base).
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 151
Pine woods. Only seen in Furze Common
Copse.
C. odora Bull. (Lat., fragrant, from the spicy odour
when dry).
Hare ; edible ; scented like violets, when
fresh (J. C. Rayner). Woods at the S. entrance
to Alderholt Park.
C. rivulosa Pers. (Lat., rilled, from the furrowed pileus).
Pastures, etc. ; very uncommon. Pasture-
field, Edmondsham.
C. eerussata Fr. (Lat., painted with white lead).
In woods, not common ; edible. Plantation
near Cranborne.
C. phyllophila Pers. (Gr., leaf-loving, from the habitat).
Among leaves in woods. Uncommon ; said to
be poisonous. Great Down Copse.
C. pithyophila Fr. (Gr., pine-loving).
In pine woods ; rare. Furze Common Copse.
C. candicans Pers. (Lat., shining white, the colour of
the pileus).
Among damp leaves in woods. Furze Common
Copse.
C. maxima Gaertn. and Mey. (Lat., greatest).
In woods (in this district) and pastures. Great
Down Copse, and Copse by Hyles', near
Edmondsham. Sutton Holms.
C. infundibuliformis Schaeff. (Lat., funnel-shaped).
Among moss in woods and fields ; edible and
excellent. Plantation near Cranborne.
C. geotropa Bull. (Gr., turned towards earth, from the
margin).
Woods and near their borders ; edible ; un-
common. Near Rhymes Copse and near Castle
Hill Wood, Edmondsham. Maldry Wood, St.
Giles.
C. inversa Scop. (Lat., inverted, from the margin of
pileus).
152 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
Among dead leaves, often gregarious ; not com-
mon. Furze Common Copse, and near Castle Hill.
C. flaccida (Sow.) Fr. (Lat., flabby).
Among dead leaves in woods ; not common.
Furze Common Copse.
C. cyathiformis Bull. (Lat., like a drinking-cup).
In woods, pastures, etc. ; rare. Maldry Wood,
St. Giles.
C. forumalis Fr. (Lat., wintry, from its late appearance.)
Pine woods ; not common. Copse near Mount
Pleasant. Branksome Park.
C. metaehroa Fr. (Gr., changing colour).
Pine woods, etc. ; not uncommon. Broad-
stone. Plantation near Cranborne. Furze
Common Copse.
C. ditopoda Fr. (Gr. double-footed ; the stem is some-
times central and sometimes eccentric).
In woods under pines. Furze Common Copse.
Suttori Holms.
C. fragrans (Sow.) Fr. (Lat., sweet-scented).
Among moss in woods ; edible. Ferndown.
Lower Mannington. Maldry Wood, St. Giles.
Sutton Holms.
Genus 7. LACCARIA Berk. (From shellac, characterising
some of the species.)
L. laccata Berk. (Lat., lacquered).
Woods, heaths, etc. ; common ; variously
coloured, usually purplish. Plantation S. of
Daggon's Road Station. Ditto near Cranborne.
Several woods in Edmondsham. Ferndown,
Mrs. Pringle. Sutton Holms. Var.
amethystina Vaill. Ferndown. Martin Wood.
Sutton Holms. Witchampton.
Genus 8. COLLYBIA (Gr. collubos, a small coin, in reference
to the flattish pileus).
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 153
C. radicata Rehl. (Lat., having a root).
In woods ; edible. Castle Hill Wood. Belt of
wood E. side of St. Giles' Park.
C. maculata A. and S. (Lat., spotted).
Pine woods. Plantation S. of Daggon's Road
Station. Ferndown, Mrs. Pr ingle. Copse near
Mt. Pleasant.
C. butyraeea Bull. (Lat., buttery, from the sticky
pileus) .
Rather common in woods. Castle Hill Wood.
Plantation near Cranborne. Furze Common Copse.
C. velutipes (Curt.) Fr. (Lat., velvet-footed, from
the velvety stem).
Gregarious ; on trunks and stumps. Elm
stump, Edmondsham. Ferndown. Belt on E.
side of St. Giles' Park.
C. confluens Pers. (Lat., from the closely gregarious
habit).
Among leaves in woods ; rare (absent from
Rayner's New Forest list). Creech Hill, St. Giles.
Furze Common Copse.
C. conigena Pers. (Lat., evolved from fir-cones).
Growing on dead half -buried cones of Scotch fir
in woods ; not uncommon. Branksome Park.
Broadstone. Furze Common Copse. Lower
Mannington Plantation.
C. cirrhata (Schum.) Fr. (Lat., curled, from the slender
twisted stem).
Among moss ; rare. Castle Hill Wood, and in
a copse near it.
C. tenacella (Pers.) Fr. (Lat., somewhat persistent).
Chiefly pine woods ; not common. Ferndown,
Mrs. Pringle. Witchampton.
C. dryophila (Bull) Fr. (Gr., oak-loving).
In oak woods, among dead leaves ; said to be
common. Castle Hill Wood. Plantation near
Cranborne . Ferndown .
154 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
C. extuberans Fr. (Lat., from the prominent umbo of
the pileus).
On rotten wood, etc. ; rare (not noted in New
Forest list). Furze Common Copse.
Genus 9. MYCENA (Gr., myces, a fungus). Pileus thin,
campanulate, usually striate ; stem slender ; species
usually small, mostly growing on wood.
M. capillaris (Schum.) Fr. (Lat., from the slender
hair-like stem).
On dead beech and other leaves ; rare. Creech
Hill Wood, St. Giles.
M. corticola (Schum.) Fr. (Lat., cortex, bark, colo,
inhabit).
Among moss on bark of living trees ; not
common. Edmondsham Rectory garden and
orchard. Sutton Holms.
M. discopotia Lev. (Gr., with a disc-like foot of the
stem).
On sticks, &c. ; rare. Castle Hill Wood.
M. rorida Fr. (Lat., ros, dew, from the running
glutinous stem).
On dead bramble twigs in woods ; rare. Wood
in Goatham.
M. clavicularis Fr. (Lat., tendril-like, of the stem ?).
On the ground in woods ; uncommon.
Broadstone.
M. epipterygia (Scop.) Fr. (Gr., upon bracken).
On twigs and among moss in woods ; not very
common. Furze Common Copse. Maldry Wood,
St. Giles.
M. leucogala Cooke. (Gr., white milk, from the exuda-
tion when broken).
On rotten stumps in woods ; not common.
Ferndown. Furze Common Copse.
M. galopoda (Pers.) Fr. (Gr., with milky stem, like the
last).
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 155
Among moss, on trunks ; not very common.
Great Down Copse. Furze Common Copse.
M. sanguinolenta (A. and S.) Fr. (Lat., full of blood,
from the juice).
Among damp leaves and moss, in woods ; not
uncommon. Branksome Park. Furze Common
Copse. St. Giles, E. side of Park. Sutton
Holms.
M. Iris Berk. (Gr., the rainbow, from the colouring).
On fir stumps ; rare. Furze Common Copse.
M. filopes (Bull) Fr. (Lat., from the thread-like stem).
On dead leaves in woods ; common. Castle
Hill Wood. Goatham. Great Down Copse. Belt
E. side of St. Giles' Park.
M. pullata Berk, and Cke. (Lat., clothed in mourning,
from the dark brown colour).
On dead leaves ; rare. Broad stone.
M. ammoniaca Fr. (Lat., with the odour of ammonia).
On the ground, chiefly under pines ; uncommon.
Castle Hill Wood.
M. metata Fr. (Lat., measured or marked off).
Among moss in pine woods ; not common.
Furze Common Copse, W. R. Linton. Lower
Mannington Plantation.
M. consimilis Cooke. (Lat., resembling, i.e., other
species) .
Among grass ; very rare (not in New Forest
list). Castle Hill Wood.
M. stannea Fr. (Lat., of tin, from the colour ; " tin-
colour with a silky sheen even when dry," G.
Massee.)
Among grass in woods. Wood, Goatham.
Furze Common Copse.
M. rugosa Fr. (Lat., wrinkled, from the pileus).
On or near stumps, trunks, etc. ; common ;
Ferndown, Mrs. Pringle. Great Down Copse.
Maldry Wood, St. Giles. Witchampton.
156 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
M. galericulata (Scop.) Fr. (Lat., having a small cap).
On stumps and the ground in woods ; common.
Castle Hill Wood. Plantation near Cranborne.
Furze Common Copse. Great Down Copse.
Goatham Plantation. Belt E. side of St. Giles'
Park. Sutton Holms.
M. polygramma (Bull.) Fr. (Gr., with many lines, of
the stem).
On trunks and stumps ; rare. Copse adjoining
Hyles', Birches Copse. These two localities adjoin.
M. tintinnabulum Fr. (Lat., a bell, from the campanulate
pileus).
On fallen trunks ; rare. Plantation, Goatham.
M. lactea (Pers.) Fr. (Lat., milky, from the white colour).
On dead pine-needles ; uncommon. Castle
Hill Wood. Ferndown, Mrs. Pringle.
M. luteoalba Bolton. (Lat., yellowish-white).
Among moss in pine woods ; not common ;
stem paler yellow than in M. flavoalba. Only seen
in Furze Common Copse.
M. pura (Pers.) Fr. (Lat., pure, unmixed, from the
colour, usually rose, but variable).
Woods ; with the odour and taste of radishes ;
frequent. Plantation near Cranborne. Belt E.
side of St. Giles' Park. Great Down Copse.
Witchampton.
Genus 10. OMPHALIA Fr. (Gr., omphalos, the navel,
from the usual shape of the pileus). Stem cartila-
ginous ; pileus usually depressed in the centre ;
gills decurrent.
0. umbellifera (Linn.) Fr. (Lat., umbrella-shaped).
In wet places, swamps ; not common. Sutton
Holms ? W. R. Linton.
0. umbratilis Fr. (Lat., abiding in shade).
Sides of ditches and damp hollows ; rare
(absent from the New Forest list). Broadstone.
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 157
0. fibula (Bull.) Fr. (Lat., a pin).
In damp, mossy, or grassy woodland spots ;
usually orange ; not common. Castle Hill Wood.
Birches Copse.
Genus 11. PLEUROTUS Fr. (Gr., pleura, a side, ous, an
ear, from the shape of the pileus, and the lateral or
eccentric position of the stem).
P. ulmarius Bull. (Lat., adjective of elm, ulmus}.
On trunks of trees ; rare (not in the New Forest
list). Withy Beds, Crichel.
P. ostreatus (Jacq.) Fr. " Tree oyster."
On trunks ; gills decurrent, stem lateral ; not
common. On beech, St. Giles' Park.
P. porrigens Pers. (?) (Lat., stretching out).
Sessile on old pine trunks ; rare. Withy Beds,
Crichel (Mrs. Baker's specimen was rather old for
naming).
Genus 12. HYGROPHORUS Fr. (Gr., bearing moisture,
from the moist or viscid pileus of most of the species).
Gills waxy ; plant often brightly coloured.
H. ceraeeus (Wulf.) Fr. (Lat., waxy). Of a wax-yellow
colour.
Pastures ; infrequent. Near Plantation S. of
Daggon's Road Station.
H. coccineus (Schaeff.) Fr. (Lat., scarlet).
Among moss and grass ; bright red ; edible ;
common. Castle Hill, near Cranborne. Edmond-
sham. Near Romford. By Martin Wood, Miss
V. Linton. Witchampton.
H. miniatus Fr. (Lat., red).
Among grass, in pastures or woods ; edible.
Smaller than the other crimson or red species,
H. coccineus and H. puniceus. Castle Hill Wood.
Furze Common Copse. Field between Edmond-
sham and Verwood Station.
158 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
H. puniceus Fr. (Lat., purplish-red).
Mossy pastures and woods ; common ; larger
than H. coccineus, which it most resembles, and
stem stria te with a white base. Goatham. Great
Down Copse. Near Romford. Witchampton.
H. obrusseus Fr. (Lat., of gold-assaying, from the
golden-sulphur colour).
Grassy places in woods ; rather rare. Planta-
tion S. of Daggon's Road Station. Withy Beds,
Crichel.
H. conicus Fr. (Lat., conical).
In pastures ; frequent. Field near Castle Hill
Wood. Field by Birches Copse. Near Romford.
H. chlorophanus Fr. (Fr., greenish-yellow).
Grassy places in or near woods ; edible ; clear
yellow ; not common. Furze Common Copse.
Withy Beds, Crichel.
H. psittacinus (Schaeff.) Fr. (Lat., parrot-coloured ;
red and green).
In pastures ; edible ; common. Fields of
Edmondsham Park, and towards Romford.
Witchampton.
H. pratensis Fr. (Lat., of meadows).
Pastures and woods ; said to be common. In
or near Goatham Plantation.
H. virgineus (Wulf.) Cke. (Lat., virginal, from its white
colour).
Pastures and open woods ; edible ; common.
Edmondsham, Hyles, abundant. Sutton Holms.
Half-a-mile S. of Wimborne. Var. roseipes Mass.,
with stem soon hollow and rosy towards the base ;
spores elongate. Near Romford.
H. cossus Fr. (Lat., larva of goat-moth, from its smell).
Among grass in woods ; rare. Creech Hill
Wood, St. Giles.
H. hypothejus Fr. (Gr., sulphur beneath, because yellow
under the olive gluten).
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 159
In pine woods, among heather ; rather common.
Broadstone. Colehill. Plantation S. of Daggon's
Road Station. Copse near Mt. Pleasant.
Genus 13. LACTARIUS Fr. (Latin, lac, milk, from the
milky juice). Gills usually decurrent ; plant often
large, fleshy.
L. torminosus (Schaeff.) Fr. (Lat., causing colic).
In woods ; rather common ; strawberry colour,
margin involute. Castle Hill Wood. Sutton
Holms.
L. turpis Fr. (Lat., base, ugly ; from the dingy
colour).
In woods, chiefly under birches ; not frequent.
Ferndown, Mrs. Pringle. Copse between Hyles'
and Birches Copse.
L. insulsus Fr. (Lat., tasteless).
In woods and pastures ; like L. deliciosus, but
of paler colour ; rare. Sutton Holms.
L. blennius Fr. (Gr., slimy).
On the ground in woods ; frequent. Castle Hill
Wood. Plantation near Cranborne. Belt on E.
side of St. Giles' Park.
L. pyrogalus (Bull.) Fr. (Gr., fiery milk, from its acrid
taste).
In woods ; livid grey, poisonous ; not frequent.
Plantation, Goatham.
L. ehrysorrheus Fr. (Gr., gold-flowing, from the deep
yellow milky juice).
In woods, chiefly under oaks ; milk very acrid,
white then golden-yellow ; rather common else-
where. Plantation S. of Daggon's Road Station.
Sutton Holms.
L. vellereus Fr. (Lat., fleecy, from the downy pileus).
In woods ; said to be common in the New
Forest. Seen only on the Romford side of Birches
Copse.
1(JO FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
L. deliciosus Fr. (Lat., delicious).
In woods under pines ; edible ; scarce in the
district ; common in the New Forest. Wood-
land, Branksome Park.
L. pallidus Fr. (Lat., pale in colour).
In woods chiefly under beeches ; pale tan ; in-
frequent. Castle Hill Wood. Martin Wood, Miss
V. Linton.
L. quietus Fr. (Lat., restful, mild ; from the agreeable
flavour).
In woods and open ground under trees ; common.
Alderholt Wood, near the Station. Castle Hill
Wood. Furze Common Copse. Great Down
Copse. Birches Copse. Lower Mannington
Plantation.
L. rufus Scop. (Lat., red).
In dry pine woods ; reddish-bay, margin clothed
with whitish down when young ; acrid, poisonous ;
frequent. Plantation S. of Daggon's Road Station.
Colehill, Wimborne. Ferndown. Furze Common
Copse.
L. fuliginosus Fr. (Lat., sooty, from the dark down with
which the pileus is at first sprinkled).
In woods ; poisonous. Castle Hill Wood.
L. volemus Fr. (Lat., a kind of pear, from the stem
being enlarged upwards ?).
In woods, pileus golden-tawny of large size ;
rare. Edmondsham.
L. serif luus Fr. (Lat., flowing with serum, from its
watery milk).
Damp places in wroods and open ground ; very
common. Branksome Park. Broadstone. Several
woods in Edmondsham. Ferndown, Mrs. Pringle.
Goatham. Lower Mannington. Sutton Holms.
L. mitissimus Fr. (Lat., very mild).
In woods ; frequent ; nearly allied to the next,
but distinguished by the shining golden-tawny
FUNGI OP EAST DORSET. 161
colour of the pileus and stem. Castle Hill Wood.
Sutton Holms. Witchampton.
L. subdulcis Fr. (Lat., rather sweet).
In woods and open ground ; pileus reddish-
brown or bay ; said to be frequent. Romford,
in pasture. Sutton Holms, in woodland.
Genus 14. RUSSULA Fr. (Latin, rusaus, red, the colour of
many species). Gills brittle, usually adnate ; plants
mostly large, fleshy, showy. Mild, or acrid, in
flavour.
Series A. Holies. Taste mild (at least at
first).
R. alutacea Fr. (Lat., like tanned leather).
In woods ; edible ; rare. Furze Common
Copse.
R. puellaris Fr. (Lat., girlish, from its slender form).
In woods ; not common. Castle Hill Wood.
R. lactea Fr. (Lat., milky, from the colour).
In woods ; distinguished by its white or creamy
colour ; uncommon. Plantation S. of Daggon's
Road Station.
R. nigricans Fr. (Lat., becoming black).
Turns quite black, differing from the next by
the flesh becoming reddish when broken ; common
in woods. Border of Birches Copse. Plantation
S. of Daggon's Road Station. Furze Common
Copse. Great Down Copse. Sutton Holms.
R. adusta Fr. (Lat., scorched, from its turning sooty-
grey).
In woods ; flesh not changing colour ; un-
common. Plantation S. of Daggon's Road Station.
Great Down Copse.
R. densifolia Seer. (Lat., from the gills being close set).
Flesh turning red ; not common. Castle Hill
Wood.
162 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
R. heterophylla Fr. (Gr., gills different,— in length).
In woods, rare ; gills very narrow. Button
Holms.
R. virescens Fr. (Lat., becoming green, from the
distinct colour of the pileus).
In woods, rare. Birches Copse, where it
borders on Hyles.
R. furcata Fr. (Lat., forked, gills forked).
In woods and grass under trees ; uncommon.
Furze Common Copse. Sutton Holms.
R. vesca Fr. (Lat., eatable).
Rather common ; smells of crab ; edible,
good. Castle Hill Wood. Ferndown. Furze
Common Copse. Great Down Copse. Sutton
Holms.
R. depallens Fr. (Lat., turning pale, after being reddish
at first).
Said to be frequent in woods ; edible. Castle
Hill Wood. Furze Common Copse.
R. cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. (Gr., blue and
yellow).
In woods, etc., frequent ; edible. Castle Hill
Wood. Furze Common Copse. Great Down
Copse.
Series B. Tenaces. Taste acrid,
from the first.
R. fellea Fr. (Lat., full of gall, bitter).
In woods, chiefly beech ; straw-coloured,
poisonous ; not common. Castle Hill Wood.
Great Down Copse.
R. drimeia Cke. (Gk., pungent, from the taste).
In pine woods ; distinguished by the purple
pileus, clear yellow gills, and acrid taste ; common.
Branksome Park. Colehill. Plantation S. of
Daggon's Road Station. Ferndown, Mrs. Pringle.
Lower Mannington plantation.
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 163
R. oehroleuea Fr. (Gr., yellow and white).
Pileus yellow ; gills white ; common in woods.
Plantation S. of Daggon's Road Station. Furze
Common Copse. Great Down Copse.'
R. foetens Fr. (Lat., stinking).
Reputed poisonous ; said to be common.
Seen only in Furze Common Copse.
R. emetica Fr. (Lat., making sick).
In woods, chiefly beech ; poisonous ; said
to be frequent. Belt on E. side of St. Giles'
Park. Holt Wood.
R. fragilis Fr. (Lat., easily broken).
In woods, common ; like the last, but smaller,
more fragile ; poisonous. Castle Hill Wood.
Great Down Copse. Sutton Holms. Var.
violacea Ruelet. Pileus bright violet, with a
whitish margin. Castle Hill Wood Ferndown.
Witchampton.
Genus 15. CANTHARELLUS Adans. (Gr. kantharos, a
sort of drinking-cup, from the shape of some species).
Gills decurrent, narrow, forking, margin thick.
C. cibarius Fr. (Lat., fit for food).
Reported as common in woods ; egg — yellow
in colour ; edible. Birches Copse. Furze
Common Copse and one or two other woods in
Edmondsham.
C. aurantiacus Fr. (Lat., of orange colour).
Under fir-trees in woods ; bright orange :
reputed poisonous ; common. Branksome Park.
Broadstone. Colehill. Plantation S. of Daggon's
Road Station. Furze Common Copse.
C. tubaeformis Fr. (Lat., trumpet-shaped).
In woods on the ground and on rotten wood ;
yellowish-brown above, gills smoky-yellow ; not
very common. Castle Hill Wood. Plantation
S. of Daggon's Road Station.
164 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
C. infundibuliformis Fr. (Lat., funnel-shaped).
On the ground and on rotten wood under
trees ; pileus perforated at the base and opening
into the hollow stem ; not common. Branksome
Park.
Genus 16. NYCTALIS Fr. (Gr., nuktos, of the night, from
living in dark places) Parasitic on decaying
fungi.
N. asterophora Fr. (Gr., bearing stars, from the stellate
conidia sprinkling the pileus).
On decayed plants of Eussula nigricans ;
gregarious ; rare. Ferndown, Mrs. Pringle.
Series B. Tenaces. Leathery,
not putrefying.
Genus 17. MARASMIUS Fr. (Gr., to wither or shrivel,
which the species do instead of rotting).
M. peronatus Fr. (Lat., booted, from the woolly covering
of the base of the stem).
Among dead leaves in woods ; considered
common. Creech Hill Copse. Furze Common
Copse. Belt on E. side of St. Giles' Park.
M. oreades Fr. (Gr., mountain nymphs, from its forming
" fairy rings "). " Fairy -ring Champignon."
In pastures, in rings which spread outward
year by year ; excellent eating ; common.
Pastures in Edmondsham.
M. calopus Fr. (Gr., fair-footed).
On twigs, roots of grass, etc. ; rare (absent from
the New Forest list). Among moss in plantation
S. of Daggon's Road Station.
M. ramealis Fr. (Lat., of branches, from its habitat).
On bramble stems, twigs, etc. ; white, disc
tinged brown ; common. Castle Hill Wood.
Furze Common Copse. Witchampton.
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 165
M. androsaceus Fr. (Gr., like some zoophyte).
On fallen leaves and twigs ; hedgerows, under
trees, etc. ; said to be common. On dead oak
leaves, Castle Hill Wood.
M. Hudson! (Pers.) Fr. (Named after Hudson).
On fallen holly leaves ; rare ; pileus covered
with purple hairs. Holt Wood, Mrs. Baker.
M. epiphyllus Fr. (Gr., growing on leaves).
On dead leaves and twigs ; pileus white very
bmall, stem filiform, long in proportion, minutely
velvety ; not uncommon. Edmondsham and
Goatham, pointed out to me by W. R. Linton
in 1907. Belt E. side of St. Giles' Park.
Genus 18. LENTINUS Fr. (Latin, lentus, tough, pliant,
from the nature of the species).
L. cochleatus Fr. (Lat., spiral, like a snail-shell).
On stumps in woods ; not common ; edible,
with a faint odour of anise. Great Down Copse.
Genus 19. PANUS Fr. (A word used by Pliny for a swelling
or tumour).
P. Stypticus Fr. (Gr., styptikos, astringent, from the
pungent taste).
On decaying stumps and twigs ; cinnamon-
colour, stem short, lateral ; common. Edmond-
sham. Ferndown. Great Down Copse to Maldry
Wood. Witchampton.
Section 2. Rhodosporae (spores pink or
salmon).
Genus 20. LENZITES Fr. (After Lenz, a German
botanist) .
L. betulina Fr. (Lat., of birches, from its habitat).
On trunks and stumps, especially birch ; fan-
shaped, sessile ; said to be common in the N.
Forest. Birches Copse.
166 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
Genus 21. PLUTEUS Fr. (Lat., pluteus, a conical shed,
from the shape of the pileus).
P. cervinus (Schaeff.) Fr. (Lat., deer-like, from its fawn
colour). Gills free ; no volva or ring.
On stumps and half-buried wood ; umber,
turning dark brown. Not uncommon, but only
found in this district by Mrs. Baker at Witchamp-
ton.
Genus 22. ENTOLOMA Fr. (Gr., enlos, within, loma, a
fringe, probably referring to the innate character of
the partial veil).
E. sinuatum Fr. (Lat., from the margin of the pileus
being wavy, sinuate).
In deciduous woods ; poisonous ; less frequent
than in the N. Forest. Sutton Holms.
E. lividum (Bull.) Fr. (Lat., lead-coloured).
In dry woods or under trees ; poisonous ; rare.
Under a belt of trees in Edmondsham Rectory
garden.
E. prunuloides Fr. (Lat., resembling prunulus, i.e.
Clitocybe prunulus, which it is said to do in its scent).
Among moss and grass ; smell strong of new
meal ; like E. lividum, but much smaller ; un-
common. Furze common copse.
E. jubatum Fr. (Lat., maned or crested).
Among grass and moss ; mouse-coloured,
fibrillose ; not common. Castle Hill Wood.
Great Down Copse.
E. sericellum Fr. (Lat., silky).
Among grass ; small, white ; not common.
By belt of trees E. side of St. Giles' Park.
E. rhodopolium Fr. (Gr., rosy-grey).
In woods ; pileus brown, then pale ; stem long,
mealy at the top ; uncommon. Sutton Holms.
E. costatum Fr. (Lat., ribbed, the gills having raised
veins).
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 167
In damp meadows ; like E. sericeum. but larger,
and without scent ; rare ; moist. Pasture
between Romford and Birches Copse.
E. nidorosum Fr. (Lat., reeking, from the peculiar
alkaline smell).
In woods ; said to be frequent. Woodland
ground by Edmondsham Park. Furze Common
Copse.
Genus 23. CLITOPILUS Fr. (Gr. Wtos, a declivity, pilos,
a cap, from the decurrent gills). Agrees in structure
with Clitocybe in the Leucospome.
C. prunulus (Scop.) Fr. (Lat., a little plum— compact
shape ?). " Plum mushroom " ; " Vegetable
Sweet -bread."
In woods ; edible and of excellent flavour ;
said to be common, in the N. Forest. Edmond-
sham Rectory, under trees. Furze Common
Copse. Great Down Copse.
Genus 24. LEPTONIA Fr. (Gr., leptos, slender, from the
habit of the species, most of which are small). Gills
adnate to the stem, but soon separating ; stem
polished, hollow.
L. lampropoda Fr. (Gr., shining foot, from the polished
steel-blue stem).
Among grass ; not common. Furze Common
Copse. Sutton Holms.
L. solstitialis Fr. (Lat., of summer, growing in sun-
light ?).
Among grass ; with none of the blue tinge
common to the genus ; rare (not in the N. Forest
list). Broadstone.
Genus 25. NOLANEA Fr. (Lat., nola, a little bell, from
the shape of the pileus). Gills adnexed, or free.
Stem cartilaginous, hollow.
168 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
N. pascua (Pers.) Fr. (Lat., of pastures).
In woods and pastures ; pileus livid-bistre, but
variable ; common. Broadstone. Edmond-
sham Park. Near Furze Common Copse. Near
Mount Pleasant, and near Romford.
Genus 26. CLAUDOPUS W. G. Smith. (Lat., daudus,
lame, and Gr., pous, a foot, from the crooked or
absent stem).
C. variabilis W. G. Smith. (Lat., variable).
On dead wood, stumps, or sticks ; sessile
laterally, or at length with a short stem-like base ;
gills white, then pale salmon ; regarded as
common. By Birches Copse. On fir and lime,
Edmondsham Rectory Garden. Furze Common
Copse.
Section 3. Ochrosporae (spores of
various shades of brown).
Genus 27. PHOLIOTA Fr. (Gr., pholis, a scale, many
species being scaly). Gills free. Stem with a ring).
P. squarrosa (Muell.) Fr. (Lat., with bristling scales).
In clusters at the base of trees and stumps ;
edible ; infrequent. At the base of an apple-tree,
Edmondsham, W . R. Linton. Witchampton.
P. spectabilis Fr. (Lat., showy).
On stumps and base of trees, clustered ; said to
be common. Ferndown, where Mrs. Pringle
first found it, and I later. Near Mount Pleasant.
P. marginata (Batsch.) Fr. (Edged, from the margin oi
the pileus being streaked).
On pine wood leaves ; rare. Fir copse neai
Castle Hill Wood.
Genus 28. INOCYBE Fr. (Gr., is, inos, fibre, kube, head ;
from the character of the pileus). Stem ringless.
Gills usually sinuate.
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 169
I. scabra ( Agaricus scaber), Fr. (Lat., rough).
On the ground in woods ; uncommon. Stan-
ridge Plantation S.E. of Cranborne. Furze
Common Copse. Belt of beech E. side of St.
Giles' Park.
I. lacera (Ag. lacerus) Fr. (Lat., torn, from the scaly
piJeus).
In woods, etc. ; rare (absent from N. Forest
List) ; distinguished from /. scabra by the inside
of the stem becoming reddish. Belt of beeches on
E. side of St. Giles' Park.
I. rimosa (Bull.) Fr. (Lat., cracked, from the pileus).
On the ground in woods and shade ; not
frequent. Field of Edmondsham Park surrounded
by woods. Great Down Copse.
I. geophylla (Sow.) Fr. (Gr., earth-leaved, probably
from the clay-coloured gills).
Among grass in woods and under trees ;
frequent, pileus silky, at first white, then violet to
lilac. Plantation S.E. of Cranborne. Plantation
S. of Daggon's Road Station. Edmondsham
Park, and Rectory garden. Furze Common
Copse. Great Down Copse.
I. scabella Fr. (Lat., rather rough).
Among grass in woods ; not very common ;
pileus reddish or yellowish-brown. Furze
Common Copse. Belt of beeches E. side of St.
Giles' Park. Sutton Holmes.
Genus 29. HEBELOMA Fr. (Gr., hebe, youth, loma, fringe,
from the character of the veil). Pileus smooth,
more or less viscid ; stem fibrous, without a ring ;
gills sinuate.
H. fastibile Fr. (Lat., nauseous, from the smell).
Pileus yellowish, then paler, soon flat ; rather
frequent. Goatham Plantation. Great Down
Copse. Maldry Wood, St. Giles.
170 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
H. glutinosum (Lindg.) Fr. (Lat., sticky, like glue).
Among dead leaves in woods ; pileus like the
last, but with white squamules sprinkled in the
glutinous film ; not common. Dead Man's
Corner, Cranborne.
H. mesophaeum Fr. (Gr., dusky in the centre).
Frequent in the N. Forest ; rare in this dis-
trict. Branksome Park.
H. crustuliniforme (Bull.) Fr. (Lat., shaped like small
buns).
In grass and woods ; said to be poisonous, and
frequent in the N. Forest. Only seen at Sutton
Holms.
Genus 30. FLAMMULA Fr. (Lat., flamma, a flame, the
colour of many species). Stem fleshy ; gills usually
decurrent, not sinuate.
F. lupina Fr. (Lat., lupus, a wolf, from its strong smell).
Among grass ; rare. Grass bank by the road-
side, Edmondsham.
F. carbonaria Fr. (Lat., belonging to charcoal, from its
habitat).
On burnt earth, charcoal, etc. ; densely
gregarious ; not common. Branksome Park.
Broadstone.
F. inopoda Fr. (Gr., with fibrous stem).
On stumps, chiefly pine ; gregarious ; rare.
Belt E. side of St. Giles' Park.
F. hybrida Fr. (Lat., mongrel).
On the ground among sticks or on stumps ;
very rare (not in the N. Forest list). Wood N. of
Ferndown.
F. sapinea Fr. (Lat., belonging to pines).
On stumps and decaying fir-branches, in woods ;
gills yellow, then tawny-brown ; not uncommon.
Branksome Park, Mrs. Baker. Broadstone.
Lower Mannington Plantation.
FUNGI OF EAST DOESET. 171
Genus 31. NAUCORIA FT. (Lat., naucum, a trifle, from
the slight vestige of a veil).
N. melinoides (Bull.) Fr. (Gr., honey-like, from the
colour).
Among short grass in pastures and woods ; said
to be frequent, and to resemble Galera hypnoram,
but for its toothed gills. Stanridge Plantation
S.E. of Cranborne.
N. semiorbicularis (Bull.) Fr. (Lat., hemispherical).
In short grass ; not common. Broadstone. Way-
side turf, S. of Daggons Road Station, Ferndown.
Genus 32. GALERA Fr (Lat., galerum, a hood or cap, teh
shape of the pileus.)
G. hypnorum (Batsch.) Fr. (A Latin genitive of hypnum,
a Greek name for a moss) .
Among moss in woods ; very common. Broad-
stone Castle Hill Wood. Ferndown. Furze
Common Copse. Sutton Holms.
Genus 33. TUBARIA W. G. Smith. (Lat., tuba, a trumpet,
the shape of some of the species). Gills more or less
decurrent, triangular.
T. furfuracea (Pers.) W. G. Smith. (Lat., like bran, from
the scurfy margin of the pileus.)
On twigs, chips, etc., on the ground ; rather
common. Castle Hill Wood. Fields, Edmond-
sham. Ferndown, Mrs. Pringle. Goatham
Plantation. Birches Copse.
Genus 34. CREPIDOTUS Fr. (Lat., crepida, a sandal, in
allusion to the shape and colour). Stem eccentric,
lateral, or wanting. Allied to Pleurotus, but spores
rust-colour.
C. mollis Fr. (Lat., soft).
On dead trunks, stumps, etc. ; rare. On dead
apple trunks, Edmondsham Rectory orchard.
172 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
C. applanatus Fr. (Lat., on a level, from the flat
pileus ?).
On rotten wood ; rare. On a post, Edmond-
sham Rectory field. Furze Common Copse.
C. alveolus Lasch. (Lat., a gaming-board, from its plane
surface).
On trunks ; rare. Creech Hill Wood, St.
Giles, on a birch trunk (so named by W. R.
Linton).
C. epibryus Fr. (Gr., on moss).
On mosses, leaves, etc. ; rare. Button Holms.
Genus 35. CORTINARIUS Fr. (Lat., cortina, a round
vessel, a cauldron, from the roundly convex pileus).
A well-marked genus, with cobweb -like veil ; gills
often purple at first, bright brown at maturity from
the rust-coloured spores. For convenience it can be
divided into five sub-genera.
Sub-genus I. Phlegmacium, Fr. (Gr., phlegma, shining
moisture, from the glutinous pileus.) Stem firm,
dry, often bulbous. All growing in woods, on the
ground unless otherwise stated.
C. varius Fr. (Lat., variable).
Also in pastures ; uncommon. Lower Man-
nington Plantation.
Sub-genus II. MyxaiumFr. (Gr., muxa, mucus). Pileus
and stem glutinous.
C. mucifluus Fr. (Lat., flowing with mucus).
Not common. Plantation S. of Daggon's Road
Station.
C. elatior Fr. (Lat., taller).
Chiefly under pine trees ; rather common.
Castle Hill Wood. Great Down Copse. Hyles'
adjoining Birches Copse.
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 173
Sub genus III. Dermocybe Fr. (Gr.5 derma, skin, cube,
head, from the thin pileus). Pileus dry, silky,
at length glabrous.
C. ochroleucus Fr. (Gr., yellowish- white).
Rather bitter to the taste, inodorous ; not
common. Ferndown, Mrs. Pringle. Belt on
E. side of St. Giles' Park.
C. caninus Fr. (Lat., of a dog, in the sense of mean).
Common. Birches Copse. Castle Hill Wood.
Plantation S. of Daggon's Road Station. Sutton
Holms.
C. myrtillinus Fr. (Lat., like myrtle, in colour).
Near beech-trunks, etc. ; rare. Sutton Holms.
C. cinnabarinus Fr. (Lat., colour of dragon's blood,
vermilion).
Rather frequent ; with a smell of radishes.
Colehill, near Wimborne. Holt Wood. Planta-
tion, Lower Mannington.
C. cinnamomeus Fr. (Lat., cinnamon-coloured).
Pine-woods chiefly ; common in the N.
Forest. Branksome Park. Plantation S. of
Daggon's Road Station. Var. semisanguineus Fr.
(Lat., half -bloody), with gills* usually blood-red.
Besides the two localities above, where it was
frequent, also in a wood near Ferndown.
Sub-genus IV. Telamonia Fr. (Gr., telamon, a bandage).
Stem banded, or scaly, below ; flesh of pileus
thin.
C. torvus Fr. (Lat., wild).
Not uncommon. Castle Hill Wood. Great
Down Copse. Sutton Holms.
C. hinnuleus Fr. (Lat., of a young stag ; fawn-coloured).
Copse adjoining Hyles' and Birches Copse.
C. brunneus Fr. (Lat., brownish).
Not common. Castle Hill Wood. Belt on
E. side of St. Giles' Park.
174 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
C. incisus Fr. (Lat., cut into, as the pileus be-
comes).
Uncommon. Broadstone. Belt on E. side
of St. Giles' Park.
C. hemitrichus Fr. (Gr., half hairy).
Margin of pileus fibrillose ; stem very floccose ;
said to be frequent in N. Forest list. Only
found in Castle Hill Wood.
Sub-genus V. Hygrocybe Fr. (Gr., hugros, moist, cube,
a head, from the moist pileus). Pileus pale, when
dry ; flesh very thin.
C. armeniacus Fr. (Lat., from armenium (pomum), the
apricot, from the general colouring).
Chiefly in pine woods ; rare (absent from N.
Forest list). Birches Copse.
C. saturninus Fr. (Lat., like Saturn, gloomy, from its
habitat).
Grassy places, woods ; rare. Sent by Mrs.
Baker, from Witchampton.
C. bicolor Clarke. (Lat., of two colours).
Stem violet at the base, whitish above ; un-
common. Castle Hill Wood.
C. jubarinus Fr. (Lat., radiant).
In pine woods, on pine leaves, etc. ; pileus
bright tawny cinnamon, shining ; uncommon.
Broadstone. Plantation, Lower Mannington.
C. decipiens Fr. (Lat., deceptive, resembling other
species).
Rather frequent. Broadstone. Castle Hill
Wood. Furze Common Copse.
C. acutus Fr. (Lat., sharp, pointed ; from the pointed
umbo).
Distinguished by the conical umbo ; not
uncommon. Broadstone. Plantation S. of
Daggon's Road Station. Belt on E. side of St.
Giles' Park. Sutton Holms.
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 175
Genus 36. PAXILLUS Fr. (Lat., a small stake, a peg).
Gills decurrent ; pileus involute.
P. involutus Fr. (Lat., rolled inwards ; from the margin
of the pileus).
Edible, but hardly worth eating ; common in
the N. Forest. Plantation S. of Daggon's Road
Station. Ferndown, Mrs. Pringle.
P. panuoides Fr. (Gr., shell-shaped ? from the pileus).
On decayed pine wood ; rare. Wood N. of
Ferndown.
Section 4. Melanosporae. Spores
black, purplish- or brown-
ish-black.
Genus 37. AGARICUS Linn, pro pte. (Of Greek origin,
agaricon, Latinised by Pliny ; a fungus growing on
timber).
A. arvensis Schaeff. (Lat., of arable ground). " Horse
Mushroom."
In pastures, usually under trees ; edible, but
not always wholesome ; not frequent. Edmond-
sham Park. Field just E. of Birches Copse.
A. campestris L. (Lat , belonging to the plain). " Com-
mon Mushroom."
In open fields ; common, but unevenly dis-
tributed. Several fields in Edmondsham, and
towards Verwood Station.
Genus 38. STROPHARIA Fr. (Gr., strophos, a twisted
band, in reference to the ring). Gills adnate or
adnexed; with a distinct ring.
S. aeruginosa (Curt.) Fr. (Lat., of verdigris, from the
colour of the gluten).
In woods and pastures ; poisonous ; reported
common in the N. Forest, not so in this district.
Plantation S.E. of Cranborne. Furze Common
Copse.
176 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
S. inuncta Fr. (Lat., anointed ? from the gluten ; or
hooked, from the decurrent teeth of the adnate
gills).
Among grass, in woods, etc. ; uncommon.
Furze Common Copse.
S. merdaria Fr. (Lat., of dung).
On drying dung in pastures or woods ; not very
frequent, or overlooked. Stony field E. of
Birches Copse.
S. semiglofoata (Batsch.) Fr. (Lat., hemi-spherical,
from the pileus).
On dung ; common. Branksome Park. Fields
near Furze Common Copse. Near Romford.
Genus 39. HYPHOLOMA Fr. (Gr., huphos, a web, loma, a
fringe, from the partial veil fringing the pileus).
Gills adnate or sinuate.
H. sublateritium (Schaeff.) Fr. (Lat., almost brick-
coloured).
On or about old stumps, in woods and hedge-
rows ; poisonous ; common. Birches Copse. By
Castle Hill Wood. Plantation S. of Daggon'g
Road Station. Near Mount Pleasant. Witch-
ampton.
H. capnoides Fr. (Gr., smoke-like, from the colour of the
gills).
On the ground and on trunks in pine -woods ;
fasciculate ; rather frequent. Plantation S. of
Daggon's Road Station. Furze Common Copse.
Great Down Copse. Plantation, Lower Manning-
ton. Near Mount Pleasant.
H. epixanthum Fr. (Gr., yellowish-brown, tawny).
On old fir stumps, etc. ; not common. Wood
N. of Ferndown (" apparently this, but dried
up," J. C. Rayner).
H. fasciculare (Huds.) Fr. (Lat., in little bunches ;
from its tufted habit).
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 177
On old stumps, etc. ; often forming dense
clusters ; very common. Woods in Edmondsham.
Branksome. Plantation S.E. of Cranborne.
Plantation S. of Daggon's Road Station. Fern-
down, Mrs. Pringle. Sutton Holms. Witchampton.
H. velutinum (Pers.) Fr. (Lat., velvety).
In fields, woods, and roadsides ; uncommon,
more frequent in the N. Forest. Great Down
Copse.
H. appendiculatum (Bull.) Fr. (Lat., with small append-
ages, from the relics of the veil on the margin of the
pileus).
On stumps in woods ; not common. Castle
Hill Wood.
H. hydrophilum (Bull.) Fr. (Gr., loving water ; from
the gills exuding drops of water).
On stumps in woods ; similar to the last, but
differing in the character above mentioned ;
frequent. Plantation S. of Daggon's Road
Station. Castle Hill Wood. Ferndown. Furze
Common Copse. Plantation, Goatham.
Genus 40. PSILOCYBE Fr. (Br., psilos, bare, naked, cube,
head, no veil being apparent on the pileus). Stem
tough ; margin of pileus incurved at first. Spores
purplish or slate-colour.
P. semilanceata Fr. (Lat., almost lance-shaped).
" Liberty Cap."
On pastures, etc. ; gregarious ; poisonous ;
common. Furze Common Copse. Near Rom-
ford. Sutton Holms. Var. caerulescens, Cooke
(bluish). Rhymes Copse.
P. spadicea Fr. (Lat., date-brown).
On the ground about stumps ; not frequent.
Sutton Holms.
P. foenisecii (Pers.) Fr. (Lat., of cut hay, from its
habitat).
178 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET.
Among grass ; edible ; not common. Furze
Common Copse. Button Holms (apparently, but
specimen rather old).
Genus 41. PSATHYRA Fr. (Gr., psathuros, friable, falling
to pieces). Pileus conical or bell-shaped ; stem
hollow, fragile ; like Mycena, but spores dark
purple-brown.
P. corrugis (Pers.) Fr. (Lat., wrinkled, on the
pileus).
In pastures ; not common. E. side of St.
Giles' Park.
Genus 42. BOLBITIUS Fr. (Gr., from a word for cow dung,
a frequent habitat). Fragile ; gills dissolving ;
spores rust-coloured.
B. fragilis Fr. (Lat., fragile).
On dung and among short grass ; rare (not
recorded in the N. Forest List). Plantation
S.E. of Cranborne. Edmondsham Rectory field.
Genus 43. COPRINUS Pers. (Gr., kopros, dung, the
frequent habitat). Gills dissolving into a black
fluid. Spores black.
C. atramentarius Fr. (Lat., inky ; from its melting into
a black fluid).
About old stumps, and on rich soil ; usually in
strong clusters ; edible ; not very common.
Edmondsham, in three central localities.
C. ttmetarius Fr. (Lat,, of the dung-hill, from its
habitat).
Rare ; absent from the N. Forest List ; solitary
or clustered. In or near Creech Hill Wood, St.
Giles.
C. micaceus Fr. (Lat., sparkling, glittering, from the
minute particles of crystalline oxalate of lime
covering the young pileus).
FUNGI OF EAST DORSET. 179
About stumps and old posts ; local, more
common in the N. Forest. Edmondsham Rectory
garden, and field in park. Withy Beds, CricheL
C. deliquescens Fr. (Lat., melting, dissolving).
On stumps and heaps of dead leaves ; rather
rare ; differs from C. atramentarius in being more
slender, and in the gills being free and more
separate. Creech Hill Wood, St. Giles.
C. tardus Karst. (Lat., slow— of development ?).
On the ground. Creech Hill Wood (probably
this species, J. C. Rayner).
C. radiatus Fr. (Lat., from the pileus soon splitting in
radiating fissures).
On horse-dung in grassy woods ; very delicate
and ephemeral. Recognised by J. C. Rayner in
Furze Common Copse.
C. plicatilis (Curt.) Fr. (Lat., in folds, from the splitting
and re volute pileus).
In rich pastures, etc. ; reported as common in
N. Forest. Rhymes, a field outside Furze
Common Copse.
Genus 44. PANAEOLUS (Gr., pan, all, aiolos, variegated,
from the appearance of the gills).
P. campanulatus (Linn.) Fr. (From a late Latin word
for a little bell).
On ground where manure lies ; said to be
common. Belt E. side of St. Giles' Park.
Genus 45. PSATHYRELLA Fr. (Gr., psathyros, friable).
Pileus striated ; spores black.
P. gracilis (Pers.) Fr. (Lat., slender)
Roadsides, banks, etc ; not common. Planta-
tion S.E. of Cranborne. Edmondsham Park.
Sutton Holms.
P. atomata Fr. (Gr., powdered with atoms, which
glisten on the pileus).
180 FUNGI OF EAST DORSET-
Pastures, etc. ; rare (not common in the
Forest). E. side of St. Giles' Park.
P. disseminata (Pers.) Fr. (Lat., scattered about).
Tufted, about the trunks of trees or on the
ground ; less frequent than in the Forest.
Sutton Holms.
END OF PART I.
To be concluded with Part II. in the next volume of the
Export on jfirst
of <8irt>0, Insects,
Jfirst jflotoerins of pl
IN DORSET DURING 1913.
ano
By W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.E.S.
FOREWORD.
Members of the Club will miss at the head of
these Notes the familiar name of our
esteemed President, who has for so many
years edited this part of our Report. At
his request I consented to relieve him of
the burden of his duties in this respect
in order to leave him freer for the other
duties of his office. I have, however, the
assistance of his notes as observer, and
perhaps may be permitted to express the
hope that the Club will have the benefit of his observations
for many years to come. I am not quite so well equipped as
he is either in regard to the topography of the western part
of our native county or in regard to botanical knowledge.
I shall endeavour to improve the former this summer by
182 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
casual " trespassing," and the latter will be fortified by the
kind assistance of the Rev. E. F. Lin ton.
It is a matter for reproach that we have so few observers
ready to fill our schedules, seeing the number of our Members ;
and this fact was brought prominently before me some time
since, when I was asked to inform the Brit. Ornithological
Union on the distribution and frequency of occurrence of
the Nightingale in West Dorset. In fact, Mr. Rodd is the
most westerly of our observers, and so I could only reply to
the B.O.U. that little or nothing was really known as to the
distribution of the Nightingale in West Dorset. Accordingly
I appeal to those of our Members who are able and willing to
make careful and accurate records to send returns.
I might perhaps here correct a mistake in the last report
(Vol. XXXIV., p. 205), due to the state of flux that our
scientific nomenclature is in at the present time, as a result of
a failure to adhere to the Strickland code. Mgiihalis vagans
= Acredula rosea the Long tailed Titmouse, and not Mgialitis
hiaticola-major, the British Ringed Plover.
The observers seem sometimes to put the first appearances
of birds in the song column and vice versa ; no doubt on many
occasions the two dates are coincident, but it would be an
assistance to me, when the one column or other is not filled in,
if the observer would put a pen through the blank, as in some
cases where the birds are returned under the song column the
bird is much more easily noted than the song, e.g.,Muscicapa
grisola, with the result that one is in doubt as to whether the
date be in the correct column.
The names (arranged alphabetically) of those who have
sent returns are as follows, the initials prefixed in brackets to
the names designate the responsibility for the record in the
notes hereafter : —
(E.H.C.) Eustace Barker Curtis ) .
(W.P.C.) W. Parkinson Curtis j Ays8arth> Poole'
(W.H.D.) Revd. W. Hughes D'Aeth, Buckhorn Weston
Rectory, Wincanton.
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 183
(S.E.V.F.) Revd. S. E. V. Filleul, All Saints' Rectory,
Dorchester.
(J.M.J.F.) Revd. Canon J. M. J. Fletcher, The Vicarage,
Wimborne Minster.
(E.F.L.) Revd. E. F. Linton, Edmondsham Rectory,
Dorset (post town, Salisbury).
(G.R.P.) G. R. Peck, Huston Manor, Puddletown, Dor-
chester.
(N.M.R.) Nelson M. Richardson, Monte Video, near
Wey mouth.
(E.S.R.) E. S. Rodd, Chardstock House, Chard.
(J.R.) Revd. J. Ridley, Pulham Rectory, Dorchester.
(E.E.W.) Miss Ellen E. Woodhouse, Chilmore, Ansty,
Dorchester.
MAMMALS.
Meles taxus (The Badger). — One was killed by the Canford
keepers at Bear Cross, near Kinson. We observed the
footmarks of one in Berewood. (W.P.C. and E.H.C.)
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186 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
BIRDS.
Corvus corax (The Raven). — A good view of this bird at
Arish Mell, 3rd August, 1913. (W.P.C. and E.H.C.)
Coccothraustes coccothraustes (The Hawfinch). — The Rev.
O. Pickard-Cambridge reported that a pair of these birds were
back on the Rectory lawn at Bloxworth again, and enquired
of me whether they had nested in Berewood. We believe
they did so, but the nest, which was placed exactly where a
nest was two years ago, was no longer accessible, as the
branch below had broken off. (W.P.C.)
At Dorchester, seen on 19th December, 1913, and several
times after. (J.R.)
Carduelis carduelis (The Goldfinch). — This bird is on the
increase in the county ; several pairs were seen by us in the
spring ; and on 28th September, 1913, at Handley Down we
saw three large companies of finches in which the goldfinches
were as 3 to 1. In this connection it is regrettable to note
that at least one nest of young birds was taken and confined
in captivity in Bloxworth, and that a bird catcher was loose
in the neighbourhood of Dorchester to ply his nefarious trade
for several weeks before being brought to book by the police.
(W.P.C.)
Cannabina rufescens (The Lesser Redpoll). — 1st March,
1913, about two dozen were seen at Canford. Their identity
is certain. On the 2nd March, 1913, their number had been
much increased in the same wood. They were busily engaged
in pulling birch catkins to pieces. They had disappeared by
the 15th March. (W.P.C. and E.H.C.)
Loxia curvirostra (The Crossbill). — Two seen in the fir
trees at Kniton, near Canford, 23rd February, 1913. (W.P.C.)
Motacilla lugubris (The Pied Wagtail).— On March 24th,
1913, I noticed a considerable number of these birds whilst
driving from East Lulworth to Bere Regis via Moreton and
Affpuddle, and came to the conclusion that there had been
an immigration. This was confirmed by Mr. Frank Hudson,
of Parkstone, who subsequently informed me that he had
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 187
seen a number on the Sandbanks on March 23rd, where he
had not previously noticed them. (W.P.C.)
Motacilla alba (The White Wagtail).— On the 4th October,
1913, one seen in company with Motacilla lugubris at Osming-
ton. (E.H.C.)
Motacilla flava (The Grey-headed Yellow Wagtail). —
" 7th October, 1913. In Poole Park. I first thought it was
an ordinary Yellow Wagtail, but its head seemed the wrong
colour, so I stalked it and got a clear view, which placed its
identity to my mind beyond doubt." (E.H.C.)
Parus ater (The Cole Tit. This note refers to Parus ater
ater, and not to Parus ater-britannicus, the British form.) —
23rd February, 1913, three seen at Canford in company with
Parus ater-britannicus and Regulus cristatus, the company
was about 300 strong ; 21st December, 1913, one seen at
Canford in company with Parus ater-britannicus, Parus
palustris-dresseri, Parus caeruleus, and Certhia familiaris.
Mgiihalis vagans (The British Longtailed Titmouse). — On
the 16th February, 1913, we saw a large company of these
tits working through the Canford Estate from S.W. to N.E.
E.H.C. counted 43 go by, whilst W.P.C. saw many go over-
head accompanied by Parus ater-britannicus. We estimate
that upwards of 300 passed, the largest flock we have ever
seen. (E.H.C. and W.P.C.)
April 6th, 1913, a finished nest at Berewood, a second on
the 27th April. 12th April, 1913, a finished nest at Canford.
(This was deserted on the 3rd May.) 10th May, 1913, a
finished nest at Canford with two eggs, about 1J miles from
the deserted nest. These birds took over a fortnight to
complete the clutch, and the young did not leave the nest
till the middle of June. (W.P.C. and E.H.C.)
Panurus biarmicus (The Bearded Tit).— Although not a
Dorsetshire note we were pleased to see for the first time
these birds alive at Stalham Broad, Norfolk, in August.
(W.P.C. and E.H.C.)
Regulus regulus (The Golden-crested Wren). — " Gold
crests have often come to window to feed this year. I have
188 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
never seen them do so before." (J.R.) 15th April, 1913,
an unfinished nest at Canford. (E.H.C.) (Note — This bird
seems to be on the increase, and would probably increase still
more if only the squirrels were kept in check ; according to our
experience upwards of fifty per cent, of their nests are
destroyed by this destructive rodent, in whose favour it is
impossible to say anything.)
Sylvia sylvia (The White-throat). — First seen 27th April,
1913, at Creekmoor, Poole (W.P.C.), and not again till 12th
May, 1913, when a pair was seen at Berewood. This bird
was very scarce in 1913. (E.H.C.) 1st June, 1913, Sylvia
sylvia seems very scarce, I never saw one all day (we were
out hunting for 10 hours). (E.H.C.) 6th July, 1913, seen
at Studland in company with other migrants apparently
collecting preparatory to leaving. 2nd August, 1913, two
parties, 6 and 10, seen at Kniton, Canford, on downward
migration. 6th September, 1913, five or six Sylvia sylvia
seen in Purbeck. 7th September, 1913, a dozen seen sitting
on telegraph wires at Worbarrow. (E.H.C.) This was the
last time this bird was seen, so evidently it departed about
this date.
Sylvia curruca (The Lesser Whitethroat). — This bird seems
to manage to get in and out of Dorset without being noticed.
12th May, 1913, at Berewood, E.H.C. heard one " kissing,"
so it evidently had a nest near. 25th May, 1913, another was
heard in Blox worth. In the winter we found a nest belonging
to this bird in Berewood. It is curious how it slips in and
out of the county without being noticed, and its nest is rarely
found in the county. (W.P.C. and E.H.C.)
Sylvia atricapilla (The Blackcap Warbler).— 12th May,
1913, a pair seen at Berewood. 18th May, 1913, three males
heard singing in the wood. (E.H.C.)
Sylvia simplex (The Garden Warbler).— 12th May, 1913,
seen in Berewood. 18th May, 1913, one male heard singing
in Berewood. (E.H.C.)
MdizopUlus undatus (The Dartford Warbler).— One seen
at Hamworthy, 26th October, 1913. (E.H.C.)
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 189
Phylloscopus siUlator (The Woodwren).— 10th May, 1913,
first heard at Canford. 12th May, 1913, two heard at Bere-
wood. 7th June, 1913, a pair feeding young in a nest on the
north-east side of bank in a copse at Canford. Both birds
brought food., though the male every now and again
went into a tree above the nest to sing. Both birds
came round us when we examined the nest and uttered a
plaintive " weet weet weet," notwithstanding that both had
a bill full of lepidopterous larvae. (W.P.C. and E.H.C.)
Locustella ncevia (The Grasshopper Warbler).— 3rd May,
1913, two heard singing loud and long at Canford, and again
on the 5th May and again on the 10th. On the 17th May
only one bird was singing in the same bog. On the 22nd we
made strenuous efforts to find the nest, but although the male
bird actually walked right over E.H.C.'s feet (!) we failed.
Both birds seemed very tame. We saw the male again on
the 5th June, but the birds were gone on the 7th. On the
6th July we saw eight or nine in company with other migrants
at Studland ; this was the last time. (E.H.C.)
Turdus musicus (The Song Thrush). — In full song at the
beginning of January. (N.M.R.) 6th April, nest and four
eggs at Berewood. (E.H.C.)
Daulias luscinia (The Nightingale). — This bird was more
than usually abundant in Berewood, altogether we found six
nests, and saw in addition several pairs feeding young ;
except for one nest, which for some reason did not hatch,
the birds got off well. The nest that failed was in the vicinity
of two robins' nests and a hedge sparrow's nest, all of which
were wholly or partially destroyed, and we incline to think
the sitting birds were destroyed. (W.P.C. and E.H.C.)
Cindus aquaticus. — This bird brought off a brood at
Wareham this year. (W.P.C.)
Colonel Frank G. L. Mainwaring, of Upwey, writes
under date 3rd March, 1914 : —
" One of the most interesting birds here is the Dipper, or
Water Ousel (of which I have seen two or three pairs flying about or
at rest between the source and the mouth of the Wey). A pair of these
190 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
birds build their nest every spring in the ' dungeon ' of the mill race,
under the garden of the flour mill, opposite our house, and five or six
years ago, I got a youth of seventeen named George Coombs who had
an Al camera — to go into and along the Dungeon (the water was only
six inches deep) with me one day, and with the light of magnesium wire
he took a photo of the nest (which had two nearly full-fledged young
Dippers in it) which was placed on a projecting brick of the wall about
3 feet above the water, and about six yards from the entrance of the
dungeon."
Muscicapa grisola (The Spotted Fly-catcher). — An albino
was seen in Major Devenish's grounds at Springfield, Rodwell,
Wey mouth, in company with typical individuals with which
it agreed exactly in habits and mode of life, so I don't think
there can be any question of its identity. It was accidentally
killed in the neighbourhood afterwards. (N.M.R.)
Glivicola riparia (The Sand Martin). — An albino was seen
on the Fro me, Dorchester Fishing Club Upper Water,
September 12th. (G.R.P.)
Hirundo rustica and Chelidon urbica (The House Martin). —
There seems to be no doubt that one or other, possibly both,
of these birds were observed in January at Upwey. Members
of the Club will no doubt agree with me that the weight of
evidence favours the Barn Swallow rather than the House
Martin. I give below a short resume of the evidence of the
observers, so that every person can form an independent
judgment. As to explanation, Colonel Mainwaring suggests
re migration or hibernation. I think neither suggestion
quite meets the facts. Hibernation in its strict sense of a
period of winter quiescence, during which functions are
suspended in part, is not known to exist amongst the
Hirundinidae, nor so far as I know in any other bird. I incline
to the belief that the bird or birds seen were a very late brood,
not strong enough to migrate with the general body, which
were wandering about in an aimless way at a time when the
migrating instinct would be quiescent ; this, of course, is
surmise, but surmise which would fit in with most of the
known facts as to the migration of swallows, which neither
remigration nor hibernation would do. The matter arose in
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 191
this way. The Rev. S. E. V. Filleul returned " two House
Martins were seen by several people at Upwey on 10th
January (s.c. 1913)." I editorially questioned the record as
in duty bound, as it was most extraordinary. The Rev.
S. E. V. Filleul then wrote me—
" I believe that the visit of two or three House Martins on January
10th, 1913, to Upwey was quite genuine. My mother wrote to tell me
of it. I went down a day or two after and found that she could not
swear to the fact, as her sight was not good enough, but only that she
had seen the birds flying up and down, and they were said to be
swallows. The gardener and boy saw them, and several people living
close by remarked upon them. They were evidently House Martins,
for I enquired carefully about that. I think that Colonel Mainwaring
could tell you more about it ; he lives in Upwey (Wabey House). In
fact, I am not at all sure whether he did not actually see them. Of
course they attracted a good deal of attention. The birds were not
bred at Upwey, but were passing and were only seen that day. Some
were recorded in Ireland quite as late as that I noticed."
I accordingly wrote to Colonel Mainwaring, who writes me
as follows : —
" I beg to state that the Rev. S. E. V. Filleul is evidently mistaken
in referring you to me regarding the supposed occurrence of the House
Martin at Upwey on 10th January, 1913. I did not see any House
Martins flying about here in January ; but I did see a Swallow, and wrote
to the Editor of the ' Field ' on the 8th of January and reported tho
fact of my having seen a swallow on the 3rd, and such was duly inserted
under the Notes and Queries, Tho Naturalist, in the ' Field ' of 10th
and llth January, 1913. I also wrote to the Editors of the ' Morning
Post ' and the ' Dorset Chronicle ' about it, as I thought such an
occurrence most extraordinary."
On that evidence I would remark that Mr. Filleul's note is
report, supported, however, by careful enquiry, and that
Colonel Mainwaring's is first-hand evidence ; that the birds
were reported to Mr. Filleul first as Swallows and subsequently
changed to House Martins, while Colonel Mainwaring's
identification is "a swallow ; " that young swallows have
shorter tails than adult birds, and would therefore be more
easily confounded with house martins ; that while the
192 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
observers whose names are available are persons of superior
education, they may not necessarily have seen the same birds ;
that the mere occurrence of a swallow would tend to support
the possibility of the occurrence of house martins, since the
conditions which favoured the continuance of the one in
this country would also render possible the continuance of
the other.
Generally scarce, but present in great quantities on the
morning of July 27th at Weymouth. (N.M.R.)
Dendrocopus major (The Great Spotted Woodpecker),- —
21st June, 1913, at Canford. (E.H.C.)
Dendrocopus minor (The Small Spotted Woodpecker). —
Observed at Dorchester, January 21st. (J.R.) 21st
December, at Canford, an adult male Dendrocopus minor
observed searching for food. " W.P.C. and I cycled over to
Break Hill Wood, and immediately on our arrival were
rewarded with a sight of an adult male Dendrocopus minor
very busy searching for food on an oak tree of some age. It
seemed to prefer searching for food on the smaller branches
of the trees. We watched it with the glasses for a long time,
and saw it searching on three trees. The hammering was
very like that of Dendrocopus major, and very rapid indeed,
and the only means I have of judging the incredible rapidity
with which this little bird hammers is to compare the per-
cussions with the exhaust explosions of a petrol motor. The
speed of the woodpecker's blows, to my ear, would about
synchronize with the exhaust of our engine at 1,000 revolu-
tions per minute. As it is a four-cylinder four-cycle engine
there are two exhaust pops per revolution, which would give
the speed of the woodpecker's beak at 2,000 blows per
minute, which seems almost incredible. However, one
thing is certain, the bird's head is an absolute blurr when it
hammers, and it looks like a very high speed piece of machinery
in motion. Another thing I noticed was that this bird ran
down a hanging horizontal branch spirally backwards,
feeding as it went. It did not stay long on the main trunk;
it simply flew on to it and off again, merely going to it as a
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 193
point of vantage. Likewise, the bird can hammer when it is
in any position, but seems to prefer having his head above
his body and not below the level of his body. He does not
hammer many seconds consecutively, or I suppose his beak
would get heated and spoil its temper. He looked very
lovely in the bright sunlight with his crimson crest and
strongly marked back ; nevertheless he is not a very con-
spicuous little bird." (E.H.C.)
Micropus apus (The Common Swift). — 8th July, great
quantities of swifts flying around all the afternoon and
evening, but all gone the next morning. Weymouth. (N.M.R.)
June 22nd, at Poole, on our return at 8.50 p.m., just as
darkness was falling, wre saw about 50 swifts circling round
and round and screaming. They were very high in the air,
and looked quite small. As they circled round they kept
banking and mounted higher and higher, until at last they
could only just be discerned. Then they took a course about
due south, straight toward Cherbourg, as straight as a line
and at very high speed. Their direction would have taken
them over no land except Sandbanks and the corner of
Brownsea, and it is not reasonable to suppose they went to
such great height for such a short journey, and nothing to
take them to either place. (E.H.C.)
Asio otus (The Long-eared Owl).— At Canford, circa
June 5th, one young bird destroyed and one made captive by
Underkeeper Balson.
Astur palumbarius (The Goshawk). — One shot by Head-
keeper Wren at Canford on the river about Nov. 2nd. In
all probability this is the bird which was seen at Ringwood
and Wareham. (W.P.C.)
Buzzard (species ?). Seen at Canford in the Spring by
Keeper Wren on several occasions. (E.H.C.) A buzzard was
slaughtered in the Wareham district and passed into the hands
of a local bird stuffer, but the captor was sufficiently ashamed
of his misdeed to give instructions that no information was
to be given to me on the subject, so I do not know what
species it was or by whom it was killed. (W.P.C.)
194 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
Falco cesalon (The Merlin). — One seen at Canford 2nd
March, 1913. At about 3.30 p.m., at the foot of Blue Ball
Hill, about 1J miles on the Dorchester side of Bridport, we
observed a Merlin sail along in front of the car, doing 27
m.p.h. with the greatest ease. It continued for several
hundred yards, and then suddenly threw up its wings and
shot into the foot of the hedge, from which it emerged close
in front of the car, with an Accentor modularis (hedge sparrow)
in its claws. After this it shot off at such a pace that we
could not catch up with it. (W.P.C. and E.H.C.)
Chaulelasmus streperus (The Gad wall). — Two shot at
Wareham in the winter. (W.P.C.)
Glottis nebularius (The Greenshank). — Seen at Morden
Park on 12th July, 1913, obviously a downward migrant.
(E.H.C.)
Tringoides Jiypoleucus (The Common Sandpiper). — First
seen at Dorchester 10th April (G.R.P.) on upward migration.
Limosa limosa (The Bartailed Godwit). — September 5th,
at 1.45 a.m., I heard a flock of waders migrating over the
house while I was in bed ; it must have been a large flock,
for I heard them for fully 1J minutes. There were at least
two different sorts of birds, and from their calls to each other
I took them to be Bartailed Godwits and Knots. I am
satisfied as to the Godwits. (E.H.C.)
Stercorarius crepidatus (Richardson's Skua). — One seen on
Poole Harbour July 24th. (G.R.P.). (I find on enquiry
from Mr. Peck that this was an adult bird of the dusky race.)
Crex crex (The Corncrake or Landrail). — Seems to be one
of our disappearing species, and according to my experience
is steadily decreasing. The causes seem to be complex, but
two principal ones may be cited — the prevalence of the horsed
mower and reaper and binder, which ensures the destruction
of every nest in its path and often of the young birds, and the
sportsman's gun ; that the latter is a deadly foe is proved by
the information given to me that Mr. Cavendish Bentinck's
shooting party secured 50 landrails in one day's shooting in
Purbeck whilst the birds were on the downward migration.
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 195
The landrail is at no times difficult to shoot on the wing, and a
tired landrail which is resting preparatory to crossing the
Channel is a particularly easy victim. (W.P.C.) E.S.R.
notes that this bird is almost extinct round Chard.
Caccdbis rufa (The Spanish Redlegged or French
Partridge).— Major Farquharson, Langton Herring,
Dorchester, writes :— " The 1st Redlegged or French Part-
ridge I knew in Dorset was caught in a rabbit trap, in the
year 1871, on the Blandford Downs during a heavy snow
storm. They have been put down about Lulworth, I believe.
When I came here in 1907 there were but few, but these dry
summers have helped them to increase very much, and the
English Partridge has decreased. One or two days I have
not shot a single English Partridge, all French. I am sorry,
as I like the native." (With this latter remark I agree, either
on the table or in the fields our native bird is preferable, j
believe the increase of Caccdbis rufa to be attributable in part
to its wildness, which keeps it out of the way of the gun ; in
part its wariness, which enables it to escape the fox ; and in
part its pugnacity, for it always succeeds in driving Perdrix
cinerea from the immediate vicinity of its nest. — ED.)
E.S.R. notes that " it was a poor woodcock year in the
South of England ; that young starlings were nearly fledged
on the 25th January, 1913 ; that the dawn choruses in March
and up to the 10th April were very short, five to ten minutes
only ; the killing East and South wind and bitter cold
effectually preventing, and generally that song was short and
weak. On March 28th birds were in full dawn chorus for 15
minutes only, but up to May 12th, owing to cold and wet
weather, I have heard the Nightingale and Spring migrants
very little as yet.
Partridges (Perdrix cinerea) were scarce and wild. Red-
legged Partridges (Caccabis rufa) are increasing in West
Dorset and East Somersetshire.
After 41 years' observations I am of opinion that the
Nightingales and Turtle Doves have been gradually coming
Westward, and are more plentiful here."
196 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
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FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 197
At Weymouth, 14th November, several humble bees
flying about quite lively. August 26th, Colias edusa flying in
garden, the only one seen.
The swarms of flies, resembling columns of smoke at the
tops of the trees, were unusually dense and striking this year
in early August, several columns usually over one tree, but
some much larger than others. Some years ago I ascertained
by capture that similar columns were composed of Rhyphus
fenestralis, but whether both sexes were present I do not
know. (N.M.R.)
NOTES ON INSECTS.
By W.P.C., Poole.— I did very little collecting this year
indeed, and the bulk of my outdoor work was devoted to
colour photography of lepidoptera in their natural positions of
rest, and to a series of observations on the attacks by birds
upon lepidoptera, upon both of which subjects further
information is much needed.
The year opened with boisterous wet and cold weather,
which retarded everything ; but Hybernia marginaria put
in an appearance on January 19th, and Tortricodes hyemana
was about on the 16th February.
We had severe frosts in the third week of February.
The weather improved in March, and on March 15th both
Tephrosia bistortata and Chimabache fagella put in an appear-
ance ; however, on March 21st we had driving snow and hard
winds, followed by a slight return of warmth, which tempted
Vanessa io out for an airing, and a speedy relapse into gales,
cold, and rain. The early part of April I saw no insects, and
April 20th was the first really warm spring day, and
Gonepteryx rhamni turned out, being accompanied by
Micropteryx sepeella(?) On the 24th April Phycita fusca,
Anarta myrtilli, and Boarmia cinctaria were out in full force ;
Saturnia pavonia was flying about wildly. Hemeorophila
abruptaria Tceniocampa gothica and Eupithecia pumilata
were all seen at rest. The cold weather returned, but on
198 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
1st May, by beating larvae at night, I got two Triphcena
fimbria in Berewood, after which we had hurricanes and heavy
rain, and it was altogether as bad a spring as I can remember.
Cyaniris argiolus appeared on the llth May ; Pieris napi
on the 12th May. Nemzobius lucina and E. pusillala were
out in Berewood on the 18th. About this date the weather
settled in fine, and we had some glorious days in May, but
they came too late to save the spring larvae from a watery
grave, as attested by the scarcity in the summer.
In the first week in June Dicranura furcula, from both
Berewood and Canford, emerged in my breeding cages, and
were followed by D. bifida from Cranborne. A few days in
the later end of June were dull and wet.
On the 2nd July, 1913, I found a freshly-emerged Coccus
lignaperda, which had formed its cocoon of mortar in a space
in a brick wall where there had been a settlement, about
1ft. Gins, from the ground.
On the 5th July, at Berewood, Boarmia roboraria, B.
repandata ab conversaria, Geomeira papilionaria, Noctua
(Agrotis) ditrapezium, and Phorodesma bajulcUa all came to
light. The latter in my experience being rare in the county.
On the 19th July Hyria auroraria was seen.
On the 20th July Aventia flexula and Eilema deplana were
taken in the New Forest.
On the 27th July Zeuzera cescidi, which was found in 1912
at Canford by Headkeeper Wren, emerged, but unfortunately
escaped, as my only hope of feeding it for 15 months or so
was to feed it in a living apple tree in the garden.
On the 2nd August a late Hemaris fuciformis larva was
found at Canford.
On the 3rd August Colias edusa male was taken at Arish
Mell, and I was also fortunate enough to secure the most
extreme Lycosna corydon var fowleri I have ever seen.
In August I was working the Broads of Norfolk with
satisfactory results, though the nights were very moony and
foggy. On the 28th August one specimen of Aporophyla
australis was procured by E.H.C. at Badbury Rings.
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 19ft
21st September, 1913, at Cranborne, I found a cocoon of
Dicranura bifida inside a loose piece of bark on a poplar. The
space between the tree and the bark was packed absolutely
full of Amphipyra tragopogonis, which was in all stages of
dilapidation.
27th September, 1913, I took a late Tapinostola fulva
flying over a heath swamp at Canford.
5th October, 1913, I again hunted the poplars at Cran-
borne for D. bifida. I found three, and E.H.C. found one.
These were mostly spun just under the surface of the moss of
the trees, and the outsides of the cocoons were covered with
lichens or moss. The day was fine and warm after a heavy
thunderstorm the preceding night, and E.H.C. thought the
bifida cocoons looked a darker color after the rain ; the best
thing is to look for a patch of lichen which has no definite
pattern on it, since the larva bites up the lichen, and it does
not therefore retain its natural form.
200 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
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FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 201
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2Q2 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
FLOWERS.
Geranium lucidum was in bloom April 26th, Lamium
album and L. Galeobdolon. White and yellow Dead Nettles,
on same date. Polygala vulgaris (milk wort) both pink
and blue. Spiroea ulmaria, meadow sweet, June 19th,
Dorchester. J.R.
Viola canina, March 20th. Orchis maculata (Spotted Orchis)
May 26th, Buckhorn Weston. (W.H.D.) Honeysuckle was
in leaf at Canford on January 19th. Portugal Laurel and
sallow in flower at Canford on February 19th. It was a very
poor year for sallow blossom. Viola canina was in bloom as
late as December 13th at Canford, and except for July prim-
roses were in bloom in Berewood throughout the year. On
December 14th we procured Vicia saliva, common Vetch,
Lychnis diurnajed csimpion,Lychnis vespertina,\vhite campion,
and a good bunch of primroses in Berewood, whilst ground
ashes and hazels were full of new green leaves. Utricularia
minor and Pinguicula lusilanica were abundant in Morden
Bog on July 18th. (W.P.C.)
E.R.S. Notes. — " Snowdrops out on January 4th, the earliest
date I can remember seeing them. Primroses too have been
seen out during December, 1912, and January, 1913." A few
snowdrops were out in a Chardstock garden 25th December,
1913.
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 203
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204 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
GENERAL REMARKS.
E.R.S. NOTES. — 12th January, 1913, a remarkably mild
winter so far ; a cruel spring, fine for farming and gardening
though. 22nd March, 1913, a great gale from the S.W. The
early part of March marked by very variable weather, gales
from S.W., hail, rain, snow a little (about March 22nd at night)
and also a little thunder and much sheet lightning. March
29th, sunny, mild, and fine. 29th April, heavy thunderstorm
and rain over South of England.
After a cold wet spring, by the middle of May fine weather
set in and resulted in a beautiful, dry, warm, fine, summer,
which was quite hot in July and August, and I never remember
the pastures more burnt up at the time. The hay and corn
harvests were good, the hay harvest especially, but the turnips
and roots generally failed, the turnips especially. Grass was
never greener or more abundant in October, after the rain of
September. Altogether it was a good year for farmers, and
all farm stock kept up its prices.
There was a good deal of thunder and heavy rain storms in
the latter part of September and the beginning of October.
We have had a few frosts lately, before and on Christmas
Day. The winter of 1913, to 23rd December, 1913, has been
mild and dry. Sharp frosts and snow 29th December. We
have had wet days, but as a rule the summer, autumn, and
winter up to the end of 1913 have been hot, fine, and generally
dry. A beautiful year for farmers all round, and our farmers
are doing well and making money, although not one I ever
heard will confess this to me.
This has been a good flowering or fruit year generally about
here. Mangolds were a good crop in West Dorset, the late
rain saved them. The year 1913 ended the last four days with
bright, fine, seasonable weather, and ironbound in frost and
snow on the ground.
J. R. NOTES. —
Average barometric reading . . . . 29'66
Highest monthly average (Dec.) . . . . 29 '89
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 205
Lowest monthly average (Jan.) . . . . 29*42
Highest individual reading . . 33 '0
(On 21st Dec. ; I have never reached as
high a record before).
Lowest individual reading . . . . 28*67
December 29th. A few snow storms.
Thunder on Jan. 20th and March 21st only.
Return* of Rainfall in
in 1913.
By R. STEVENSON HENSHAW, C.E.
HAVE received 66 returns this year, 4 less than
in the previous year ; 1 by the removal of an
observer and 2 by the regretted deaths of
Mr. H. Stilwell, Winterbourne Steepleton, and
Mr. H. B. Vincent, Swanage.
I have calculated the averages from the
24 stations which are marked with an asterisk
in the tables and which are spread as equally
as possible over the whole county, although there is a large
area in the centre of the county not represented by any
return, and it would also be an advantage if another record
were commenced in the Langton Matravers and Swanage
area.
The average for the year calculated from the selected stations
is 34-030 inches, whilst the average taken from the 66 returns
sent in is 34*088 inches, showing that, although there are a
number of gauges crowded into a small area, they are counter-
balanced by those in other districts.
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
207
The average for the 58 years 1856—1913 is 33*846 inches,
so that 1913 was an average year, and, as will be seen from
Table 5, is represented by 100 '5, against the 58 years' average
of 100.
January, with an average of 6'18 inches falling on 23-6
days, was by far the wettest month, followed by the 3 autumn
months, October, November, and September, in the order
named.
June and July were very dry months, and if the last day in
August be excepted so was that month — in most districts ;
at a few stations, however, heavy falls of rain were recorded
on the 9th of August, particularly in the Bere Regis,
Bloxworth, and East Lulworth districts.
The wettest day throughout the county generally was the
6th October, the greatest fall occurring on that day at 32
stations, whilst 15 stations record the 4th September as the
wettest day, followed by the 5th September at 6 stations, and
the llth and 19th January at 4 stations each.
The greatest daily fall recorded appears to be the 2 -39
inches on the 6th October at Blackdown House, Broadwindsor,
when 2 '10 inches were recorded at Coneygar, Bridport, and
2 '00 inches at Dorchester Waterworks.
Six days with more than 1 inch of rain were recorded at
1 station, 5 such days at 2 stations, 4 days at 6 stations, 3
days at 12 stations, 2 days at 19, and 1 day only at 23 stations,
whilst at 3 stations the rainfall did not reach 1 inch on any
day.
The maximum number of wet days, namely— 247, were
recorded at Broadstone, which place held the record in 1912
with 22 more days. The observer at Blackdown House,
Broadwindsor, records 214 days, whilst the minimum number
of 121 was at Fleet House, Chickerell, where the minimum was
also recorded in 1912.
With regard to the recording of wet days, there appears to
be considerable discrepancy between stations at no great
distance apart, and it is probable that this might be caused,
to some extent, by the particular measuring glass in use.
208 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
It is not easy with some glasses to decide whether there is
more or less than '005 ; glasses, however, are now made with
a conical depression in the bottom, in which '005 can be quite
accurately measured, and I would strongly recommend
observers to obtain these glasses where possible, suited of
course to the size of the gauge in use.
In Table 4, statistics of the temperature of the air are given
as recorded by Mr. T. Pulsford, Lyme Regis, and which fill
the gap which was made by the absence of the record which
had been kept at Winterbourne Steepleton for so many years
by the late Mr. H. Stilwell.
I very much appreciate the great improvement which has
taken place in the correctness of the records which have been
sent in, the number of inaccuracies being small in comparison
with the year before.
OBSERVERS' NOTES.
BEAMINSTER, HAMILTON LODGE. — The average Beaminster
rainfall for 40 years to end of 1912 was 38*03 — the rainfall
of 1913 (35-38) is 2-65 below average.
Greatest fall in 24 hours, I1 59 on 6th October. A max.
shade temperature of 70° and over was reached on 43 days,
as against 15 in 1912 and 87 in 1911.
The warmest day was 16th June, temp. 79°.
The highest reading of the barometer during the year was
30-67 on the 31st December.
CHEDINGTON COURT. — Our average rainfall for the 15
years ending 1912 is 37'63 on 170 days.
Total of 1913, one-hundredth part of an inch more. Very
mild autumn.
CHICKERELL, " MONTEVIDEO." — Jan. 19 — Thunder and
lightning in afternoon and night. Mar. 21 — Thunder and
lightning at 4.30 a.m. and a little in afternoon. May 14 —
Two thunderstorms ; '40in. of rain fell in about f hour ;
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 209
some lightning and thunder. Aug. 30— A little thunder a
long way off in afternoon. Sep. 30— Heavy thunderstorm
in afternoon towards Dorchester and Abbotsbury, but none
over Chickerell, though the thunder was often loud.
A very dry summer, as is shown by the small rainfall in the
following periods : — May 15th — Aug. 25 — 3 months and 10
days with only 1- 19 in. of rain. June 8— Aug. 21 — 2J months
with only -51in. of rain. Snow on Feb. 17 and Dec. 28.
DORCHESTER, WOLLASTON HOUSE. — Except for the heavy
rainfall in January there has been nothing of an exceptional
nature in the year's record. The total is almost exactly in
accordance with the average.
EAST LULWORTH VICARAGE. — The rainfall this year is
much below the average, 12-82 ins. less than last year, and
lower than any year since 1908 (28!27 ins.).
The first frost came Jan. 12th, which was also a very wet
month.
June and July were unusually dry, totalling only T26, far
less than in any year in the last ten years.
Heavy thunder occurred on Oct. 4th.
In the heavy downpour of Aug. 9 — 1'60 ins. — over half
an inch fell in four hours.
The first frosts of any hardness began Dec. 29th.
LYME REGIS. — Several very beautiful sunsets were observed
during November, notably the' 28th, with crepuscular rays
about 4.45 p.m.
ST. GILES' HOUSE. — Mean temperature, 50'548C
temperature, 84° on June 17th ; min. temperature, 20° April
13th ; hours of sunshine, 1,564 ; max. tern., 136° ; highest
bar. reading, 30'34 in. ; lowest bar. reading, 28'80 in.
STURMINSTER MARSHALL, BAILIE HOUSE. — 28th Oct.,
Tuesday — 4 p.m., slight thunderstorm ; I hardly remember
210 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
another this year. 30th Oct., Thursday — Very heavy rain
between 1 and 3.30 p.m., ='58. Nov. 23rd, Sunday — 1st frost,
nasturtiums cut down. Dec. 29th — A very slight sprinkling
of snow during Sunday night, with a cold W.N.W. wind.
WARMWELL HOUSE. — Several peals of thunder were heard
on 19th Jan. A slight fall of snow occurred on 17th Feb.
There was thick fog on 10th, 13th, and 14th February.
WEYMOUTH, " MASSANDRA." — The year 1913 shows a
marked contrast to 1912, the rainfall being 12*07 in. less.
The winter and spring were mild, the summer dry, and autumn
unusually warm ; with little wind and few gales.
WIMBORNE, CODFORD HOUSE. — The temperature of the
year has been moderate. The lowest minimum temperature,
with the exception of the night of Dec. 31st, when the tempera-
ture fell to 23°, was 25° on the 12th of January. The highest
maximum was in June, when on the 16th and 29th the ther-
mometer rose to 76°, but it did not once reach 80°.
WlNTERBORNE WHITCHURCH VlCARAGE.
JAN. — A very mild month. On only one day did the tem-
perature fail to reach 40 in the shade. On 21 days
rain fell. There was a great deal of thunder and
lightning from 6 to 9 p.m. on the 19th. The highest
temperature was registered on the 23rd, 51° ; the
lowest during the night of the 12th, 21°. The
coldest day was the 13th, max. 37° ; warmest night,
the 3rd, 45°.
FEB. — Another mild month. On four days the thermometer
failed to reach 40° in the shade. The highest tem-
perature was registered on the 12th, 52° ; the lowest
during the night of the 23rd, 22°. The coldest day
was the 19th, 35° ; the warmest night the 4th, 48°.
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 211
MARCH.— Rain fell on 15 days. On the 15th a rather heavy
thunderstorm passed over from S.W. to N.E. A
very severe thunderstorm, accompanied with a
hail storm, the hailstones of which were of enormous
size, passed over from N.W. to S.E. between 3.30
and 4 p.m. on the 21st. The highest temperature
was registered on the 30th, 57° ; the lowest, the night
of the 17th, 24°.
APRIL. — A wet month ; rain fell on 16 days. There was a
snow shower at 9 a.m. on the 12th, the only snow
observed here through the year as yet. Considerable
amount of thunder and lightning occurred between
5 and 6 p.m. on the 29th. Highest temperature
was registered on the 23rd, 69° ; the lowest, the night
of the 12th, 24°.
MAY. — The first part of this month was particularly cold and
wet. There were 15 days on which rain fell. A
very heavy hail storm passed over from N.W. to
S.E. at 7.45 a.m. on the 19th. There was a good
deal of lightning during the night of the 29th ;
thunder distant in the S. Warm weather prevailed
during the last week. The highest temperature was
registered on the 26th, 79° ; the lowest, the night
of the 6th, 31°.
JUNE. — Rain fell on 6 days ; there was a strong gale from
S.W. to N.W. on the 9th. There was an unusual
absence of thunder. The highest temperature was
registered on the 26th, 81°. ; the lowest on the night
of the 2nd, 37°.
JULY. — Temperature reached 70° and above in shade on 15
days. Rain fell on 10 days. There was a total
absence of thunderstorms. The highest temperature
in shade was registered on the 28th, 80° ; the lowest,
the night of the 8th, 43°.
212 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
AUGUST. — The thermometer reached 70° and above on 18 days.
Rain fell on 9 days. From 5 to 7 p.m. heavy
thunder was constant, far to the S. The highest
temperature was registered on the 3rd, 79° ; the
lowest during the night of the 5th, 38°.
SEPT. — Warm summer-like weather prevailed throughout
the month, the special feature of the period being
the exceptional high night temperature. Rain fell
on 14 days. A heavy thunderstorm to the S.W.
occurred on the 30th. The highest temperature
was registered on 27th, 73° in shade ; the lowest
during the night of the 16th, 41°. The coldest day
was the 2nd, max. 58° ; warmest night, the 4th,
when the thermometer failed to fall below 60°.
OCT. — Exceptionally warm weather prevailed throughout
the month. Rain fell on 16 days. The highest
temperature was registered on the 3rd, 66° ; the
lowest, the night of the 21st, 33°. The coldest day
was the 21st, max. 50° ; the warmest night, the
19th, min. 54°.
Nov. — The temperature was high for the time of the year
throughout the month, reaching the exceptional
height of 61° in shade on the 26th, and 59° on the
29th. Rain fell on 18 days. Highest temperature
was registered on the 26th, 61° ; the lowest during
the night of the 22nd, 26°. The coldest day was the
23rd, max. 44° ; warmest night the 20th, min. 50°.
DEC. — Mild weather prevailed till the 28th, when the condition
became frosty and snow fell on the 29th from 8.45
to 10.15 a.m., the first snow to lie on the ground in
this neighbourhood for two years. Lightning was
seen during the night of the 29th. Rain fell on 10
days. The highest temperature was registered on
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
213
the 1st, 54° in shade ; the lowest the night of the
31st, 21°. The coldest day was the 30th, max.
33° ; the warmest night the 2nd, min. 48°.
The max. and min. thermometers from which the above
records were taken are Kew-corrected instruments, placed
in a Stevenson screen, 4J feet above ground (over grass).
214
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
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215
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RAINFALL IN DORSET.
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
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218 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
TABLE III. — AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL.
1913.
58 years, 1856-1913.
Average
of 24
Stations
marked *
Proportionate
fall (a).
Difference from
58 years'
average (6).
Days of
•olin.or
more.
Proportionate
fall (c).
Do. corrected for
inequality of
days (d).
January
In.
6'18
(a) (6)
182 4- 85
23'6
In.
3-29
(c) (d)
97 95-3
February . .
1'45
43 - 31
12'0
2'50
74 79'8
March
3'07
90 + 18
19'9
2-44
72 70-7
April
3'38
99 4- 33'5
17-9
2*22
65'5 66'5
May
2'65
78 + 19
14'8
1-99
59 58-0
June
•65
19 - 46'5
8'7
2'22
65'5 66'5
July
•76
22 - 45
8-0
2-26
67 65-8
August
1'88
55 - 26
8'8
2'75
81 79'6
September . .
3'67
108 + 23
12'0
2-88
85 86-3
October
4'31
127 + 4
18'2
4-15
123 120-9
November . .
3'82
112 + 10
19'0
3'44
102 1035
December . .
2-21
65 - 44
13'2
3-70
109 107-1
Year
34-030
1,000
176'1
33-846
1,000 1,000
TABLE IV. — STATISTICS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE
AlR, AND OF THE HUMIDITY, AT LYME REGIS
AT 9 A.M. KEPT BY MR. T. G. PULSFORD,
Temperature of the Air.
In Stevenson's Screen. 55it. above O.D.
£
g
g
OS*
1913.
Means.
Extremes.
3
w
0
!
|
9 a.m.
s
a
a
|
i|
g
a
bfl
P
&
^ '
a
-^
PH
r.
Dry
Wet,
Dew
s
e8
I
1
1
|
§
Bulb.
Bulb.
Point
_
g
a
^
Jan.
447
42'6
40-3
39-3
49-6
10'3
44'4
29-4
14
0
56-0
23
83
Ins.
•250
Feb.
44'4
41-7
38'2
38'8
48-7
9'9
43-7
29-5
19
58'0
'if)
79
•231
Mar.
48'7
46'5
44'3
39-6
53'8
14'2
46'2
28'8
18
6T5
30
84
'292
Apr.
49'8
46'7
43-5
42-4
54-9
12'5
48'6
33-5
8
69'6
23
79
•283
May
54'7
51'9
49'
46'8
61"!
14'3
53'9
37'
2
75'
26
81
•348
Jun.
59'9
55-3
50'8
50-6
66'5
15-9
58'5
42' 4
1
77-6
16
73
•371
July
63-0
55'6
49'
55-3
69'9
14-6
62'6
49"
7
78-5
23
58
•348
Aug.
64T)
59'2
55'1
54-4
72-3
17-9
63'3
46-5
7
78'9
14
70
•434
Sep.
60-0
55'2
50'8
54-1
66'6
12-5
60'3
47'2
17
74-3
27
72
•371
Oct.
56'6
53-5
50-7
52-3
62-0
9'7
57'1
41'5
24
68'2
3
80
•370
Nov.
51.1
49-1
47'0
43'3
57'2
13-9
51'2
32'9
23
61-4
6
86
•323
Dec.
43'5
41'7
39'3
38-9
49-4
10-5
44*1
27-5
31
60' 5
1
86
•240
J53-5
49-9
46*5 1 46'3 ' 59'3
13-0 ! 52-8
37-1
168-3
77
•321
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
TABLE V. — FLUCTUATION OF ANNUAL RAINFALL.
58 years' average = 100.
Year
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
Eatio.
79
88
103-5
89
87-5
126'5
102
79-5
100
98
81-5
110
117
92-5
132
100-5
INDEX TO VOL. XXXV.
3y H. POUNCY.
Acland, Capt. J. E., xlvi., xlviii.,
xlix., li., 71, 88
^Ethelstan, xxxvi., xxxvii.
Aldhelm, St., xxxv., xxxvii.
Almack, Rev. A. C., xliii., xlvii., liv.
Allen (or Win) Valley Meeting, xxviii.
Andover, xxxiii.
Arachnida, New and Rare British
(1913), xlviii., 119
Archaeological Congress, Delegates'
Report, xliii., Iv.
Arundel (family), xxix.
Charles, 35
Ashburnham, Col. Wm., 38
Avebury, xxx.,
Baker, Rev. E. W., xxix.
Mrs., 144
Bampfield, William, 30
Barnes, the late Frederick J., lix.
Barnes, Rev. William, B.D. (Dorset
Poet), xli., Hi.
Bates, H. W., Ixxxiv.
Batten, John, 56
Beaminster, " History of," Ixxxi.
Belchalwell, xl.
Bindon Abbey, 35
Bingham's Melcombe, 60
Blackmore Vale, 81
Bond, F. Bligh, xxxvii.
Nigel, xliii., Iv.
Bothenhampton, xxxix.
Brasses of Dorset, xlvii., 75
British Association, xlii. Iv.
Brownsea Castle, 28
Burt, William, xxviii.
Button-making in Dorset, xlviii., 71
Case, Abraham, 71
Cecil, the Hon. Mrs. Evelyn, Ixvi.
Cecil Medal and Prize, liii.
Chained Books, xlv., 8
Chesil Beach, Ixiv.,
Charnock, Richard, 75
Chippenham, xxxv.
Christchurch, Iv.
Coker, John, " Survey of Dorset,"
55, 66
Cole (family), xxix.
Cornish-Browne, C. J., 1.
Cornish, Dr. Vaughan (former Vice-
President), Ixxiii.
Cranborne Chase, Ixxxi.
Crichel House, xxx.
Long, 79
More, xxx.
Crouch, W. Fisher, xxxix., xl.
Curtis, W. Parkinson, 181
Darwin, Chas., Ixxxv.
Darner, Lady Caroline, 72
Daumarle family, xliv.
Delamotte's Guide to Weymouth,
33
Dewlish, liii.
Elephant Trench, Ixxviii.
Dorchester (find of Constantinian
coins), liii.
Dorset Buttony, 71
Dorset Inventory, 41
Dorset County Museum, li., liii., liv.
Memorial Brasses, 75
Dxike, the late Henry, Ix.
Durham, Bishop of, lii.
Earthworks Sectional Committee, liii.
Edington, Iv.
Edmonds, William, 41,
Edwards, Aubrey, xlvii., 50
Elephas Meridionalis, xlvi.,
Electricity, Production of, liv.
Elwes, Captain G. R. (Vice-President),
xxxiii. ; xlix., liv.
Eustachius, St., xl.
Feacey, the late Jem, lix.,
Filleul, Rev. S. E. V., 191
First Appearances of Birds, Insects,
&c., 181
Birds, 186
Insects, 197
Flowering
Plants, 200
Meteorological
Remarks, 204
Fleet, xxxix., Ixv.
221
Fletcher, Canon, xxviii., xxxi., xliv.,
xlv., 1., 8;
Folklore and Superstitions, surviving
in Dorset, xlvii., 81.
Fry, E. A., xliii., lv., 55
Fungi, of East Dorset, xlviii., 143
Galpin, the late George, Iviii., lix.
Gerard, Thomas, of Trent, 55
Gillingham, Roger, 24
Gillingham. Thos. Freke's Library, 21
Gray, H. St. George, 88, 90
Haines, Dr., 119
Hammoon, xxxix.
Handley, xlvii., 41,
Harbin, Rev. E. H. Bates, 55
Hine, Richard, Ixxxi.
Ibberton, Church, xl.
Insects, &c., Dorset, First Appear-
ances (1913), 197
Table of same, 196
Institutions and Societies, Corres-
ponding, xxvii.
Inventory, A Dorset, 41
Island's Thorn (New Forest), xxxii.,
xxxiii.
Iwerne, 72
Jackson, Dr. A. Randell, 119 et seq.
Jewel, Bishop, 17, 18
Kingston Russell, 2
Kinson, Church library, 21
Knapp, Oswald, xxx.
Knowlton, (derelict chapel), xxx.
Lacock, xxxv.
Augustinian Abbey, xxxviii.
Church, xxxvii.
Lane-Fox, Mr. xli.
Le Fleming. Dr. E. K., 1.
Leweston, John. 34
Linton, Rev. E. F.. xlviii., 143
List of Members, xii.
Loders Church, 76
Lydlinch, 77
Lyme Regis, lv.
Chained Book, 25
Lytchett Minster, 25, 71
Maiden Castle, xlix., liv., Ixxxi.
Mainwaring Col. F. G. L.. xlix.. 191
Malmesbury and Lacock Meeting,
xxxv.
Mansel, Mrs. W., li.
Mansel-Pleydell, the late J. C. (First
President), xlvi., Ixxviii.
Mausel-Pleydell Prize, liv.
Mansel-Pleydell, Canon, (Vice-Presi-
dent and Hon.
Treas.) xxxix, xli.,
xlvii., liv., Ivi.
March, Dr. H. Colley (Vice-Presi-
dent), xliv., xlvi., 88, 89
Maumbury Rings Excavations.
1., liii., Ixxviii.
Fifth Interim
Report, 88
Members of the Club —
Officers, xi.
Sectional Committees, xi.
Honorary Members, xi.
Ordinary „ xii. — xxiv.
New ,, (elected
during last club year), xxv.
Memorial Brasses of Dorset, 75
Loders Church, 76
Lydlinch, 77
Shapwick, 78
Long Crichel, 79
Milborne St. Andrew, 71, 72
Milton Abbey, xl., xlv., lii., 21, 72
Mohun (family of), xxxix.
Morris, Sir Daniel, K.C.M.G..
xlvii., xlviii.
New Forest Meeting, xxxii.
Nicolson, George, winner of Cecil
Medal, liii.
Night-Soaring of the Swifts, 50
Numismatic Sectional Committee, liii.
Okeford Fitzpaine, xl.
Pearce, Mrs. T. A., xliv.
Pentin, Rev. H. (Vice-President
and Hon. Sec.), xxix., xliv.,
xlvii., xlix., Hi., liv., Ivii.
Phonological Report, 181
Philip and Joan of Castile, 1
Photographic Survey, 1., lix.
Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. O. (Vice-
President), xlv., xlviii., 1, 119, 186
Plowman, Rev. L. S., xl.
Pope, Alfred, (Vice-President), xlii.,
xliv., xlix., liii., liv., lv.
Portland, 27
Portland Castle, 34
Bow and Arrow Castle, 34
Portman, Lord, xxxix.
Pouncy, H. (Assist. Sec.), liv.
Presidential Address, Iviii.
Obituary, Iviiii.
Zoology, Ix.
Botany and Agriculture,
Ixiv.
Geology, Ixvi.
Astronomy, Ixviii.
Meteorology, Ixxi.,
Electricity, Ixxiii.
Chemistry, Ixxiv.
Engineering, Ixxv.
Geography, Ixxvi.
Anthropology and Arch-
aeology, Ixxviii.
General, Ixxxi.
222
Prideaux, Chas. S.. xlvi., liii., liv., 7,
88, 92
W. de C., xlvii., 4, 75, 88, 92
Proceedings of the Club, xxviii.
Publications of the Club, xxvii.
Puncknowle, xliv., li., liii.
Pydeltrenthide, 72
Rainfall Returns (1913), 206
Annual, 219
Monthly, 218
Observers' Notes, 208
Tables, 214
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 36
Sir Carew, 37
Ravenhill, the late Canon, Iviii., lix.
Rawlence, E. A., xlvii., 81
Rayner, J. F., 144
Reymes, Bullen, M.P. for Weymouth,
65
Richards, John, of \Varmwell, xlviii.
Richardson, Nelson M. (President),
xliv., xlv., xlix. liii., liv., Iviii., 41
Ringwood, xxxii.
Rockbourne Down, xxxiii.
Rolle, William, tfxix.
Walter, xxix.
Roman Coins, li.
Roman Farm (Rockbourne Down),
xxxiii., xxxiv.
Romano-British pottery, xxxii., 103
Rules of the Club, vi.
Salisbury Cathedral, 12
Sandsfoot Castle, xliv., xlv., 27
Scovel (family), xxix., xxx.
Sectional Committees, liv.
Selborne Society (Plant Protection
scheme), xxxvii.
Selwood, John, Abbot of Glastonbury,
xli.
Shaftesbury, Clothwork Buttony, 71
Shapwick, 78
Sharington, Sir William, xxxviii.
Sherborne, School Museum, Ixxxi.
Sloden Potteries, xxxii.
Societies, &c., Corresponding, xxvii.
Somerset Archaeological Society, liii.
Spetisbury, 25
" Spiders of Dorset," 119
" Stachy's Well," xl.
Stone, Rev. William, 21
Stonehenge, Ixxxi.
Storke, John, of Trent, 56
Stratton, 25
Studland, 25
Stumpe, Master (Malmesbury clothier),
xxxvi.
Sturminster Newton meeting, xxxix.,
xl., xli.
Sturt, C. H., xxix., xxx.
Sturt, Humphry, xxx.
W. Neville, xlviii.
Sudeley, Lord Seymour of, xxxviii.
Sumner Hey wood, xxxiv., Ixxxi.
Superstitions and Folklore, surviving
in Dorset, 81
Swifts, The Night -soaring of, 50
Sykes, E. R. (Vice-President), lx..
Ixxxiv.
Symonds, Henry, (Vice-President
and Hon. Editor), xliv., xlv., 1., li.,
lii., liii., liv., 27,
Talbot, C. H., xxxviii.
Taunton Museum, liii.
Tetricus, 104
Treasurer's Account, Ivi.
Tregonwell, John, 21
Trenchard, Sir George, 29, 30,
Trenchard, Sir Thos., 1
Trent. 55
Wallace, the late Alfred Russel, xliii.,
lx., Ixxxiv., and frontispiece.
Walsingham, Lord, Ixiv.
Warham Bowl, The, 5
Weaver, Rev. F. W., xxxvii.
Webb, E. Doran, xxxv., xxxvii.,
xxxix.
Weld, Humphrey, 33
Weymouth, 1, 6, 28,
Whistler, the late Rev. C. W., 93
Wichell, W. A., 53
Williams, the late Captain Edward W.,
lx.
Williams, Miss, xxix.
Mrs., xxix.
Wimborne, xxviii., xxxi.,
Minster, xxviii., 15, 22, 25
St. Margaret's Chapel, 22
Win (or Allen) Valley meeting, xxviii.
Wingate, the late Rev. P. B., lx.
Win wood, T. H. R., lii.
Witchampton, xxviii., 144
Paper Mills, xxviii.
Barn, Manor House,
xxix.
Church, xxix.
Wix, Rev. C. P., xxix.
Wolfeton House, 1, 2, 3, 7
Woodcotte, xlvii., 41,
Woodhouse, Miss, xxxvii.
Woodlands, xxx.,
Church, xxx.
Wyke Regis, 32
Wyndham, Col. and Mrs., 66
Wynne, Rev. G. H., xxxix.
Young, the late E. W., lix.
Younge, of Woodcotte, 41
DA
670
D69D6
v.35
Dorset Natural History and
Archaeological Society
Proceedings
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